离散数学课件(英文版)----Counting[精选].pptVIP

Counting Counting Countable Set Permutations and combinations Pigeonhole Principle Recurrence Relations Countable Set A set A is countable if and only if we can arrange all of its elements in a linear list in a definite order. “Definite” means that we can specify the first, second, third element, and so on. If the list ended and with the nth element as its last element, it is finite. If the list goes on forever, it is infinite. Proof of Countability The set of all integers is countable. We can arrange all integer in a linear list as follows: 0,-1,1,-2,2,-3,3,... that is: positive k is the (2k+1)th element, and negative k is the 2kth element in the list. Is the set of rational numbers countable? Set of Ordered Pairs The set of all objects with the form i,j is countable, where i,j are nonnegative integers. Real Number Set Is Not Countable The proof by contradiction proceeds as follows: (1) Assume that the interval (0,1) is countably infinite. (2) We may then enumerate the numbers in this interval as a sequence, { r1, r2, r3, ... } (3) Assume, for example, that the decimal expansions of the beginning of the sequence are as follows. r1 = 0 . 0 1 0 5 1 1 0 ... r2 = 0 . 4 1 3 2 0 4 3 ... r3 = 0 . 8 2 4 5 0 2 6 ... r4 = 0 . 2 3 3 0 1 2 6 ... r5 = 0 . 4 1 0 7 2 4 6 ... r6 = 0 . 9 9 3 7 8 3 8 ... r7 = 0 . 0 1 0 5 1 3 0 ... Real Number Set Is Not Countable The digits we will consider are indicated in red From these digits we define the digits of x as follows. if the nth digit of rn is 0 then the nth digit of x is 1 if the nth digit of rn is not 0 then the nth digit of x is 0 For the example above this will result in the following decimal expansion. x = 0 . 1 0 0 1 0 0 1 ... Is x one of {r1,r2,…}? So: (0,1) is not a countable set 集合的等势关系 等势关系的定义： 如果存在从集合A到集合B的双射，则称集合A与B等势。 集合A与B等势记为：A?B, 否则A?B A?B意味着：A，B中的元素可以“一一对应”。 要证明A?B，找出任意一个从A到B的双射即可。 “等势”的集合就被认为是“一样大” 可列集(无穷可数集) 与自然数集等势的集合称为可列集 直观上说：集合的元素可以按确定的顺序线性排列，所谓“确定的”顺序是指对序列中任一元素，可以说出：它“前”、“后”元素是什么。 整数集(