中国地质大学(武汉)环境化学05 Air Pollution[精选].pptVIP

Chapter Five Air Pollution: Tropospheric Ozone, Inorganic Gaseous Pollutants, Particles 1. Tropospheric Ozone Good Ozone and Bad Ozone Two types of air pollutants: primary vs. secondary Formation of ozone Necessary ingredients for ozone formation Formation of oxidants other than O3 Photochemical smog Photochemical air pollution Control strategies for ozone Good Ozone and Bad Ozone Stratospheric ozone protect lives on Earth from harmful effects of UV radiation. Tropospheric ozone: Causing respiratory distress and eye irritation（呼吸困难和眼睛刺激） Destroying plants Producing cracks in rubber Two types of air pollutants: primary vs. secondary Primary pollutants: released directly from sources Examples: CO, SO2, NOx Secondary pollutants: formed through chemical reactions of the primary pollutants and the constituents of the unpolluted atmosphere in the air. Example: O3 Formation of ozone Sources of RO2.: Oxidation of hydrocarbons A single organic radical can produce many peroxy radicals by successive rounds of O2 combination and fragmentation. Example: Oxidation of carbon monoxide CO + .OH + O2 ? CO2 + HO2. HO2. + NO ? NO2 + .OH NO2 + hv ? NO + O O + O2 + M ? O3 + M Net: CO + 2 O2 + hv ? CO2 + O3 Example: Oxidation of methane CH4 + .OH + O2 ? CH3OO. + H2O CH3OO. + NO ? CH3O. + NO2 CH3O. + O2 ? HCHO + HO2. HO2. + NO ? .OH + NO2 NO2 + hn ? NO + O (2x) O + O2 + M ? O3 + M (2x) Net: CH4 + 4 O2 ? HCHO + H2O + 2 O3 Necessary ingredients for ozone formation Sunlight NOx (NO, NO2) Hydrocarbons (VOCs: volatile organic carbon) VOCs CH4 + .OH + O2 ? CH3OO. + H2O CH3OO. + NO ? CH3O. + NO2 CH3O. + O2 ? HCHO + HO2. HO2. + NO ? .OH + NO2 NO2 + hn ? NO + O O + O2 + M ? O3 + M Net: CH4 + 4 O2 ? HCHO + H2O + 2 O3 Formation of oxidants other than O3 Formation of aldehydes (e.g. formaldehyde) Formation of PAN (peroxyacetyl nitrate) and its analogs Photochemical smog Smog derives from a combination of the words smoke and fog. London smog and Los Angeles smog London smog is characterized by high S