当代西方隐喻理论讲诉.ppt

隐喻用于文学 文学中的隐喻是源出日常语言和日常概念系统的隐喻。大多数诗人和作家在文学作品中不仅使用非习用性隐喻，而且还使用普通人所使用的日常习用性概念隐喻。文学作品中的创造性结构隐喻远不及建立在日常普通概念系统基础上的结构隐喻来得常见。认知语言学家惊人地发现，大多数诗歌语言是建立在习用性普通概念隐喻基础上的。George Lakoff, Mark Turner和Ray Gibbs指出，文学隐喻一般是诗人和作家根据日常隐喻的改进型。 例如但丁的诗句：  In the middle of life’s road I found myself in a dark wood.但丁在这儿使用了LIFE IS A JOURNEY习用性隐喻，却用非习用性语言表达方式来对此进行描述。 life’s road may pass through a dark wood。又如： 漫漫人生路上下求索，心中渴望真诚的生活，谁能告诉我是对还是错，问询南来北往的客。 再如： In me thou seest the twilight of such day As after sunset fadeth in the west; Which by and by black night doth take away, Death’s second self that seals up all in rest.该诗歌中包含至少5个日常概念隐喻：LIGHT IS SUBSTANCEEVENTS ARE ACTIONSLIFE IS A PRECIOUS POSSESSIONA LIFETIME IS A DAY, LIFE IS LIGHT在句3（black night doth take away [the twilight]）中，就可见如下隐喻并用： black: LIFE IS A DAY, LIFE IS LIGHT, DEATH IS NIGHT  night: DEATH IS NIGHT, LIFE IS LIGHT take away: LIFE IS A PRECIOUS POSSESSION, EVENTS ARE ACTIONS 文学中隐喻使用的显著特点是常用拟人（personification）。拟人除了多用于日常性用语的交际外，也普遍用于文学。根据Lakoff 和Turner的研究，英语诗歌中拟人用的最多的当属抽象概念“时间”。例如：TIME IS THIEF  How soon hath Time, the subtle thief of youth, Stolen on his wing my three and twentieth years! (Milton, Sonnet 7)TIME IS DEVOURER Time, the devourer of everything (Ovid, Metamorphoses 15)TIME IS DESTROYER Does it really exist, Time, the destroyer? When will it crush the fortress on the peaceful height? (Rainer Maria Rilke, Sonnets to Orpheus, 2)TIME IS AN EVALUATOR Time! The Corrector where our judgments err. (Byron, Childe Harold’s Pilgrimage)TIME IS A PURSUER But at my back I always hear Time’s winged chariot hurrying near. (Marvell, “To His Coy Mistress”) TIME IS PROPERTY就在半梦半醒之间，我们忘了还有明天，忘了保留一点时间。时光留不住，春去已无踪，潮来有潮往，聚散苦匆匆。 TIME IS A HUMAN BEING/NONHUMAN BEING春天来的时候木鞋上还沾着薄雪山坡上霸道的小灌木还没有想到梳头 （顾城：《生命的愿望》）现在 十八年