t o p i c5 s u r f a c e o c e a n c u r r e n t s feb16,1996（t o p i c5 s u r f c e o c e n c u r r e n t s feb16,1996）（20页）.docVIP

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t o p i c5 s u r f a c e o c e a n c u r r e n t s feb16,1996（t o p i c5 s u r f c e o c e n c u r r e n t s feb16,1996）（20页）.doc

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TOPIC 3: SURFACE OCEAN CIRCULATION PART 2: Surface Ocean Response to Winds Textbook Reading: Ocean Circulation: Chap 3, Chap 4 (sec 4.3, pgs. 107-113) Physical Oceanography (on-line): Chap 9 (sec 9.2). Chap 10 (sec 10.3 – 10.6), Chap 11 (sec 11.2-11.4) I. INTRODUCTION 1. The driving force for the ocean’s surface currents comes from winds Winds push the water at the surface of the ocean (100m) Horizontal Pressure Gradients are produced when winds pile up surface water in some regions and remove surface water from other regions The strength and direction of surface ocean currents depends on strength and direction of winds, horizontal pressure gradient forces and the Coriolis Force 2. There are consistent features of the ocean’s surface circulation (Fig. 1) Subtropical Gyres are large regions of clockwise or counterclockwise rotating currents found in both hemispheres and in all ocean basins East-west (zonal) currents are found in the Equatorial Ocean and the Antarctic Circumpolar Current in the Southern Ocean 3. NOTE: The surface circulation shown in Figure 1 represents the generalized typical pattern of surface circulation averaged over many years - there are day to day, month to month and year to year changes in this pattern because wind patterns change over these time scales 4. Why is there an organized pattern to the surface currents in the ocean? Why don’t currents move in random directions? - because winds that drive surface currents have an organized pattern of motion on large spatial scales (hundreds and thousands of kilometers) and over long time scales (years or decades) II. WHAT HAPPENS WHEN WIND BLOWS OVER THE OCEAN? A. Wind Stress 1. Winds blowing over the ocean exert a force on the surface water that it contacts this transfer of energy between the wind and ocean occurs because of friction friction couples the water movement to the air movement without friction there wouldnt be any transfer of wind energy to the ocean 2. The