Solid tate phys~ch3.ppt

CH3 Crystal binding and Elastic Constants Crystals of inert gases Ionic crystals Covalent crystals Metals Hydrogen bonds Atomic radii Analysis of elastic strains, elastic compliance and stiffness constants, elastic waves in cubic crystals Questions to be asked What holds a atoms together? Electrostatic interaction between opposite charges played the major role The negligible contribution of magnetic forces and gravitational force by a factor of 10?19 Specialized terms for the interaction exchange energy, van der Waals and covalent bond Questions to be asked What we need to gather or separate a crystal? Work to be done to gather a crystal with individual atoms Cohesive energy: the energy being added to the crystal to separate its components into neutral free atoms at rest lattice energy: the energy being added to the crystal to separate its components ions into free ions at rest at infinite separation Crystals of inert gases Inert gases crystals: a transparent insulator found at nearly at about 0K electron distribution: in the fully filled shell of free atoms with high ionization energy transparent crystals weakly bound: van der Waals force low melting temperature Crystals of inert gases Van der Waals interaction Rigid spherical distribution of electrons: no cohesive interaction Induced dipoles moments cause an attractive interactions Crystals of inert gases Interaction between induced dipoles Coordinates of the two oscillators Hamiltonian of the unperturbed system H0 = p12/2m+?Cx12+p22/2m+?Cx22 Crystals of inert gases Interaction between induced dipoles Coulomb interaction of two oscillators H1= e2/R + e2/(R+x1-x2) -e2/(R+x1)-e2/(R-x2) If |x1| and |x2| R Then H1 ? -2e2x1x2/R3 Total energy of the oscillator system H = H0+H1 By coordinator normalization Crystals of inert gases Interaction between induced dipoles Coordinator normalization xs=1/21/2(x1+x2) xa=1/21/2(x1-x2) that is x1=1/21/2(xs+xa), x2=1/21/2(xs-xa) p1=1/21/2(ps+pa)