普通语言学PT.pptVIP

Ferdinand de Saussure (1857-1913) —in1876 returned to the study of linguistics. §teaching:—In 1891 , professor of Indo-European languages and comparative grammar at the University of Geneva. II. A Course in General Linguistics §Proposed Revolutionary Theory of Language, set out Saussures ideas of language: — synchronic vs. diachronic linguistics Introduction —Wilhelm von Humboldts conception of inner linguistic form §Modern linguistics began to develop in the 18th century, reaching the golden age of philology in the 19th century. §Linguistics in the 18th century 1.Discovery of Sanskrit In 1786, Sir William Jones established the historical kinship of Sanskrit with Latin, Greek and the Germanic languages. 2. the comparison of Sanskrit with languages of Europe formed the first stage in the systematic growth of comparative and historical linguistics. § the 19th-century historical and comparative linguistics Historical work on languages before 1800 had not been systematic. After 1800, there were remarkable changes , 2.Danish Scholar Rask (1787-1832). — Put forth the methods and principles by which languages were to be compared and studied through comparison. — He stressed that lexical correspondence was not a reliable index of the common origin or relation of languages. grammatical correspondences were more important 3. Humboldt (1767-1835) a German, was one of the most profound thinkers on general linguistic questions in the 19th century. — Although human beings have a universal capacity for language, each different language has a peculiar property of the nation or group who speak it. —the essence of the Neogrammarian principle is an insistence on strict terminology 2. American descriptive and structural linguistics ● Edward Sapir (1884-1939) He defined language as “a purely human and non-instinctive method of communicating ideas, emotions and desires by means of a system of voluntarily produced symbols.” Language is the mean