theinteractionofradiationandmattersemiclassicaltheory.docVIP

The Interaction of Radiation and Matter: Semiclassical Theory (cont.) V. Elementary Laser Models -- Rate Equation Approach (pdf) THE CONFIGURATION OF THEODORE MAIMANS RUBY LASER (1960) Ruby Energy Levels POPULATION INVERSION AND LASERING IN A THREE-LEVEL SYSTEM Obviously, the trick in building masers and lasers has been to find means to invert the equilibrium population of states. First conceived by Charles Townes in 1951, Gordon, Zeiger and Townes in 1954 demonstrated the first ammonia beam maser. Degenerate quantum states of the ammonia molecule (NH3) are split by the tunneling of