第3讲 数字图像空域滤波1 深圳大学 机器视觉及应用 课件.ppt

* * Linear vs. quadratic in mask size * * * * * * * * Gaussian filters Remove “high-frequency” components from the image (low-pass filter) Images become more smooth Convolution with self is another Gaussian So can smooth with small-width kernel, repeat, and get same result as larger-width kernel would have Convolving two times with Gaussian kernel of width σ is same as convolving once with kernel of width σ√2 Separable kernel Factors into product of two 1D Gaussians Source: K. Grauman Separability of the Gaussian filter Source: D. Lowe Separability example * * = = 2D convolution(center location only) Source: K. Grauman The filter factorsinto a product of 1Dfilters: Perform convolutionalong rows: Followed by convolutionalong the remaining column: Separability Why is separability useful in practice? Some practical matters How big should the filter be? Values at edges should be near zero Rule of thumb for Gaussian: set filter half-width to about 3 σ Practical matters Practical matters What about near the edge? the filter window falls off the edge of the image need to extrapolate methods: clip filter (black) wrap around copy edge reflect across edge Practical matters methods (MATLAB): clip filter (black): imfilter(f, g, 0) wrap around: imfilter(f, g, ‘circular’) copy edge: imfilter(f, g, ‘replicate’) reflect across edge: imfilter(f, g, ‘symmetric’) Q? Practical matters What is the size of the output? MATLAB: filter2(g, f, shape) shape = ‘full’: output size is sum of sizes of f and g shape = ‘same’: output size is same as f shape = ‘valid’: output size is difference of sizes of f and g f g g g g f g g g g f g g g g full same valid Things to Remember Image is a matrix of numbers Linear filtering is sum of dot product at each position Can smooth, sharpen, translate (among many other uses) Be aware of details for filter size, extrapolation, cropping 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0.92 0.93 0.94 0.97 0.62 0.37 0.85 0.97 0.93 0.92 0.99 0.95 0.89 0.82 0.89 0.