实习八 碳酸盐岩.ppt

实习八 沉积岩（二）碳酸盐岩 目的：1、熟悉碳酸盐岩的结构构造 2、认识几种最常见的碳酸盐岩 内容：1、观察并描述：石灰岩、鲕状灰 岩、竹叶状灰岩、生物碎屑灰岩、 泥灰岩、白云质灰岩等 2、观察：豹皮状灰岩、燧石条带灰 岩、板状泥灰岩等 生物和化学沉积岩 ——碳酸盐岩 Types of sediments and sedimentary rocks There are three principle types of sedimentary rocks: 1. Detrital or clastic sedimentary rocks, as described above, consist of aggregates of grains (orclasts) which have been lithified during diagenesis 2. Biogenic sedimentary rocks result from the accumulation of skeletal remains of plants oranimals. The most important types are (1) made up of calcium carbonate (calcareous) e.g. limestone, and shelly sandstone; (2) made up of silica (siliceous) e.g. chert; and (3) made up of coalified plant remains (carbonaceous) e.g. coal. 3. Chemical sedimentary rocks form from precipitation within the environment of deposition, so their composition depends on the chemical composition of the acqueous solution from which they are deposited (e.g. lake, ocean, groundwater) and chemical conditions (e.g. carbon dioxide, oxygen, pH). Common chemical precipitates include siliceous (chert), phosphatic, iron-rich, calcareous and manganiferous varieties. In addition, evaporation of saline water, especially in large marine basins, can produce large volumes of various salts, termed evaporites. Chemical Sediments Evaporites -Water soluble Halite岩盐 Gypsum石膏 Calcite 方解石 Precipitates Example: Ca2+ + SO42- = CaSO4 Gypsum Limestone 石灰岩 Iron Formations含铁建造 Biogenic Sediments Limestone - Shells, Reefs, Etc. Organic Remains Coal Petroleum Alteration After deposition Dolomite Fossil Fuels Coal Seams, Utah Coal Delta, continental environments Carbonized Woody Material Often fossilized trees, leaves present Plant Fragments Are Often Visible in Coal 碳酸盐岩的结构 由波浪和流水作用产生的灰岩和白云岩具有粒屑结构 由原地生长的生物构成的生物灰岩、礁灰岩具有生物骨架结构 由化学、生物化学作用沉淀的灰岩、白云岩，经重结晶后具晶粒结构 白云灰岩、交代白云岩具有残余结构或晶粒结构 粒屑结构 颗粒 内碎屑－ 砾屑(粒径2毫米)、砂屑(粒径2～0.05毫米)、粉-微屑(粒径 0.05～0.005毫米)和泥屑(粒径0.005毫米)。 生物碎屑－生物遗体 包粒－豆粒(粒径2毫