ppt课件-computerorganization.pptVIP

虚拟存储器使多道程序设计更为有效，同时消除了用户使用主存的限制。 许多虚拟存储器方案使用一个特殊的高速缓存来存放页表项，通常称为快表（TLB），这个高速缓存功能与存储器中高速缓存的相同，它用来存储最近使用的那些也的页表项。 A technique that uses main memory as a “cache” for secondary storage. To allow efficient and safe sharing of memory among multiple programs To remove the programming burdens of a small, limited amount of main memory. Write-through will not work for virtual memory, since writes take too long. Instead, virtual memory systems use write-back. An event that occurs when an accessed page is not present in main memory. CS252 S05 * CS252 S05 * CS252 S05 * CS252 S05 * 3 memory references 2 page faults (disk accesses) + .. Actually used in IBM before paged memory. CS252 S05 * Locating an Object in a “Cache” SRAM Cache (L1,L2, etc) Tag stored with cache line Maps from cache block to a memory address No tag for blocks not in cache If not in cache, then it is in main memory Hardware retrieves and manages tag information Can quickly match against multiple tags Locating an Object in a “Cache” (cont.) SRAM Cache (virtual memory) Each allocated page of virtual memory has entry in page table Mapping from virtual pages to physical pages One entry per page in the virtual address space Page table entry even if page not in memory Specifies disk address OS retrieve and manages page table information A System with Physical Memory Only Examples: Most Cray machines, early PCs, nearly all embedded systems, etc Addresses generated by the CPU point directly to bytes in physical memory A System with Virtual Memory Examples: Workstations, serves, modern PCs, etc. Address Translation: Hardware converts virtual addresses to physical addresses via an OS-managed lookup table (page table) Page Faults (Similar to “Cache Misses”) What if an object is on disk rather than in memory? Page table entry indicates virtual address not in memory OS exception handler invoked to move data from disk into memory OS has full control over placement Full-associativity to minimize fut