法律知识导读（英文）第七单元 Criminal Law.pptVIP

Unit 7 Criminal Law 刑 法 刑法是国家为了维护统治秩序，规定什么是犯罪以及对犯罪行为处以何种刑罚（即相对应法律效果）的法律。与民法等其它法律相比，刑法的特点是处罚的手段十分严厉，强制程度高，不仅能限制人身自由，甚至可以剥夺人的生命。刑法的目的在于界定国家对于公民的刑罚权，刑罚的目的通常是对侵害法益的行为加以处罚，借由处罚吓阻犯罪人及社会大众，教化犯罪人使其社会化。国家就是运用这种强大的威慑力量，向各种破坏社会秩序的犯罪作斗争。 Lead-in ------Criminal law refers to any of various bodies of rules in different jurisdictions whose common characteristic is the potential for unique and often severe impositions as punishment for failure to comply. Criminal Law Criminal punishment may include: Execution; loss of liberty ; government supervision (parole or probation); fines; History : (The early legal codes did not separate penal and civil laws.) The first written codes of law were produced by the Sumerians; Code of Urukagina of Lagash (undiscovered); Around 2100-2050 BC, the Code of Ur-Nammu. (discovered). Code Hammurabi; Commentaries of Gaius on the Twelve Tables. ★ The first modern distinction between crimes and civil matters emerged during the Norman Invasion of England. The special notion of criminal penalty, at least concerning Europe, arose in Spanish Late Scolasticism (see Alfonso de Castro) Criminal sanctions Capital punishment; Physical or corporal punishment (although many are prohibited in much of the world); Confinement; Incarceration; Government supervision including house; arrest; Fines; ◆ Five objectives are accepted for enforcement of the criminal law by punishments: retribution deterrence incapacitation rehabilitation restitution. Ciminal law/ penal law 刑法 Offense n. 犯错，过错 Offender 冒犯者；违法者；罪犯 Execution 死刑 Civil infraction 民事侵害 Trespass 过失；罪过；侵入 Breach 违背；破坏 Criminal penalty 刑事处罚 Words and Expressions Criminal sanction 刑事处分 Capital punishment 死刑 Corporal punishment 肉刑；体罚 Whipping 鞭打；笞刑 Caning 鞭打 Incarcerate 把…关进监狱；监禁；幽闭 Confinement 紧闭 House arrest 律 （本宅）软禁；监视居住 Convict