天体物理概论优秀培训书.pptVIP

§3. Matter Radiation Essentials Matter Essentials: §3. 1. The Big Bang ? Part 4. Cosmology §3. 2. Dark Light Matter §3. 3. The Abundances ? Part 4. Cosmology §3. 4. The Gaseous Universe §3. 5. The Dusty Universe §3. 6. The Cosmic Rays Radiation Essentials: §3. 7. Black Body Radiation §3. 8. Grey Bodies * §3. 1. The Big Bang ? Part 4. Cosmology Not an event occurred sometime somewhere. Spacetime came into being with the Big Bang. Redshifts of galaxies The age of the Universe vs. oldest stars: 12.7 – 13.2 Gyr CMB = Cosmic Microwave Background Abundances of light elements ? nucleosynthesis in the first moments * §3. 2. Dark Light Matter Most of matter invisible. * Evidence for dark matter Galaxies rotate much faster in their outer regions. ? extended dark matter surrounding galaxies. Dark matter is needed to bound galaxy clusters. Gravitational lensing ? Mtotal Mvisible 2 independent pieces of evidence for DM in GCs. * §3. 3. The Abundances ? Part 4. Cosmology The abundance of the elements are quantified by their number fraction or mass fraction: * solar (cosmic) abundance primordial abundance enrichment metals: elements other than H and He ? Z: metallicity * Primordial abundances (in the immediate aftermath of the Big Bang): H, He, D, 3He, 7Li Stellar evolution ISM enrichment ? Part II. Stars P-P chain (M1.5Msun) He: the only product Supernovae Explosive Nucleosynthesis M8Msun ? planetary nebula ? WD M8Msun ? SNe II? elements heavier than Fe Typical kinetic energy ~ 1051 erg * Zhou+06 star formation history IMF * Lu, Zhou, Wang et al. 2006 IMF = Initial Mass Function: The admixture of stars of different masses when first formed. §3. 4. The Gaseous Universe Metallic-like liquid H at the center of Jupiter * H He Temperature T Density ne State of ionization H (n=2) How to know T, ne, and H+/H0 ? Spitzer (1978): for T8x104K, particle encounters are almost always elastic. thermal timescale ~ hours – years ? astrophysical gases are in ther