2 Application Layer.pptVIP

2: Application Layer * P2P Case Study: BitTorrent tracker: tracks peers participating in torrent torrent: group of peers exchanging chunks of a file obtain list of peers trading chunks peer P2P file distribution 2: Application Layer * BitTorrent (1) file divided into 256KB chunks. peer joining torrent: has no chunks, but will accumulate them over time registers with tracker to get list of peers, connects to subset of peers (“neighbors”) while downloading, peer uploads chunks to other peers. peers may come and go once peer has entire file, it may (selfishly) leave or (altruistically) remain 2: Application Layer * BitTorrent (2) Pulling Chunks at any given time, different peers have different subsets of file chunks periodically, a peer (Alice) asks each neighbor for list of chunks that they have. Alice issues requests for her missing chunks rarest first Sending Chunks: tit-for-tat Alice sends chunks to four neighbors currently sending her chunks at the highest rate re-evaluate top 4 every 10 secs every 30 secs: randomly select another peer, starts sending chunks newly chosen peer may join top 4 2: Application Layer * P2P Case study: Skype P2P (pc-to-pc, pc-to-phone, phone-to-pc) Voice-Over-IP (VoIP) application also IM proprietary application-layer protocol (inferred via reverse engineering) hierarchical overlay Skype clients (SC) Supernode (SN) Skype login server 2: Application Layer * Skype: making a call User starts Skype Skype login server SC registers with SN list of bootstrap SNs SC logs in (authenticate) Call: SC contacts SN will callee ID SN contacts other SNs (unknown protocol, maybe flooding) to find addr of callee; returns addr to SC SC directly contacts callee, overTCP 2: Application Layer * Chapter 2: Application layer 2.1 Principles of network applications 2.2 Web and HTTP 2.3 FTP 2.4 Electronic Mail SMTP, POP3, IMAP 2.5 DNS 2.6 P2P file sharing 2.7 Socket programming with TCP 2.8 Socket programming with UDP 2: Application Layer * So