2013细菌学生讲义.doc

Medical Microbiology Introduction 1. Definition Microorganisms (Microbes)微生物 They are distributed分布 all over the world both outside in the environment and inside on human and animal bodies. They are too small to be seen by the naked eye肉眼, so it is necessary to use a light microscope 光学显微镜or even an electro-microscope to examine them. Microbiology (微生物学) is the study of microorganisms. Medical Microbiology(医学微生物学) emphasizes着重 the study of the pathogenic microorganisms (pathogen病原体), their interaction with their human hosts宿主 leading to disease. 2. Classification分类: Based on the differences of their biological characteristics, microbes could be divided into three main classes: (1)Acellular microbe非细胞型微生物 No cellular structureParasite 寄生in living cell; Only contain one kind of nucleic acid molecule : DNA or RNA. Such as: viruses 病毒 (2)Prokaryotic原核细胞型微生物 No nuclear membrane 核膜 and Nucleus核仁 , only the nuclear region can be seen, which composed of DNA and RNA. The organelles细胞器are incomplete ,only have ribosome核糖体 . Prokaryotic microbes include : Bacterium细菌 Mycoplusma支原体 Chlamydia衣原体 Riclcettsia 立克次体 Spirochetes 螺旋体 Actinomycetes放线菌 (3)Eukaryotic 真核细胞型微生物 have nuclear membrane 核膜 and Nucleus and a membrane-bound nucleus containing chromosomes . The organelles细胞器are complete. Such as : Fungi （真菌) 3.Microorganisms and Human Beings Beneficial 有益的activities: Most microbes are of benefit to human beings, some are necessary.Harmful activities: A portion of microbes cause diseases and are poisonous to human, and these are called pathogens that we will study in the medical microbiology. 4. History of Microbiology Experience phase经验时期Experimental phase实验时期Modern phase现代微生物学时期 4.1 Experience phase经验时期 The smallpox 天花was thought a serious infectious disease in the ancient times. The ancient Chinese have already made use of the materials obtained from the patient’s pox痘疮