Mankiw economic lecture05 供需的微观基础.ppt

The Theory of Consumer Choice The theory of consumer choice addresses the following question: Do all demand curves slope downward? 消费者选择理论 消费者选择理论回答以下问题: 所有需求曲线都是向右下方倾斜吗? THE BUDGET CONSTRAINT: WHAT THE CONSUMER CAN AFFORD The budget constraint depicts the limit on the consumption “bundles” that a consumer can afford. People consume less than they desire because their spending is constrained, or limited, by their income. 预算约束：消费者买得起什么 预算约束线—— 对消费者可以买得起的消费组合的限制。 人们之所以消费的比他们愿意的少是因为他们受到收入的限制。 THE BUDGET CONSTRAINT: WHAT THE CONSUMER CAN AFFORD The budget constraint shows the various combinations of goods the consumer can afford given his or her income and the prices of the two goods. 预算约束：消费者买得起什么 预算约束线表示给定收入和两种商品的价格，消费者所能买得到的消费组合。 Figure 1 The Consumer’s Budget Constraint 图1.消费者的预算约束 THE BUDGET CONSTRAINT: WHAT THE CONSUMER CAN AFFORD The Consumer’s Budget Constraint Any point on the budget constraint line indicates the consumer’s combination or trade-off between two goods. For example, if the consumer buys no pizzas, he can afford 500 pints of Pepsi (point B). If he buys no Pepsi, he can afford 100 pizzas (point A). 预算约束：消费者买得起什么 消费者的预算约束线 预算约束线上任何一点表示了消费者的消费组合或者两种商品之间的权衡取舍。 例如，如果消费者不买芘萨饼他就可以购买500品脱的百事可乐（B点）。 如果他不买百事可乐，他就可以购买100个芘萨饼（A点）。 Figure 1 The Consumer’s Budget Constraint 图1. 消费者的预算约束线 THE BUDGET CONSTRAINT: WHAT THE CONSUMER CAN AFFORD The Consumer’s Budget Constraint Alternately, the consumer can buy 50 pizzas and 250 pints of Pepsi. 预算约束：消费者买得起什么 消费者的预算约束线 消费者也可以购买50个芘萨饼和250品脱百事可乐。 Figure 1 The Consumer’s Budget Constraint 图1. 消费者的预算约束线 THE BUDGET CONSTRAINT: WHAT THE CONSUMER CAN AFFORD The slope of the budget constraint line equals the relative price of the two goods, that is, the price of one good compared to the price of the other. It measures the rate at which the consumer can trade one good for the other. 预算约束：消费者买得起什么 预算约束线的斜率等于两种物品的相对价格，即一种物品与另一种物品相比的价格。 它衡量了消费者可以用一种物品换到另一种物品的比率。 PREFERENCES: WHAT THE CONSUMER WANTS A consumer’s preference