材料导论总结.docxVIP

模块22-48Solution:A homogeneous mixture of chemicallydistinct substances that forms a phase 相Solvent 溶剂: the substance present in the greater amount.Solute溶质: the substance present in the lesser amountMixture 混合物: A material that has no fixed composition and contains more than one phaseAlloy 合金: a combination of a metal and one or more other elementsforming either a mixture or a solid solution.Plastic alloy 塑料合金: blends of polymers or copolymers with other polymers or elastomers.Diffusion:1.The transport of atoms through matter.2. The intermingling混合物 in solid materials of atoms （in metals), ions (in ceramics), or molecules (in polymers).Prerequisites for diffusion to occur:1. Adjacent site needs to be empty (vacancy 空位or interstitial 空隙).2. Sufficient energy must be available to break bonds and overcome lattice distortion51.Diffusion FASTER for...? open crystal structures? lower density materials? materials w/secondary bonding? lower melting T materials? smaller diffusing atomsDiffusion is affected by :Microstructure of solids, Temperature, Time58. 1.An abundance of line defects (dislocations) strengthen the materials（Mutual interference in their movement through crystal prevents the planes of atoms from slipping）2.The presence of a few dislocation increase the ductility of a crystalline solid.62.Point defects 点缺陷? 1 or 2 atom positions? Affect only the small volume of the crystal surrounding a single lattice site.Dislocation：A linear array of atoms along which there is some imperfection in the bonding of the atomsArea defect：exist in the form of grain boundaries(晶粒边界)模块31.- Chemical properties are associated with the transformation of one material into another.– Physical properties involve no change in the composition of the material.– Mechanical properties are defined as a measure of a material’s ability to carry or resist mechanical forces or stresses. Mechanical properties of a material affect how the material can be worked.Elastic deformation:1. Metal returns to