学会提问-读书笔记.docxVIP

批判性思考者的一些特征批判性思考者非批判性思考者以诚待己，承认自己所不知道的事情，认识自己的局限性，能看到自己的缺点。Are honest with themselves, acknowledging what they don’t know, recognizing their limitations, and being watchful of their own errors.把问题和有争议的议题视为令人兴奋的挑战。Regard problems and controversial issues as exciting challenges.尽力领会复杂性，对其保持好奇心和耐心，并准备花时间去解决难题。Strive for understanding, keep curiosity alive, remain patient with complexity, and are ready to invest time to overcome confusion.把判断建立在证据而不是个人喜好上，只要证据不充分就推迟判断。当新证据揭示出错误时，他们就修改判断。Base judgments on evidence rather than personal preferences, deferring judgment whenever evidence is insufficient. They revise judgments when new evidence reveals error.对他人的思想感兴趣，因而愿意专心地阅读和倾听，即使他们往往不同意他人的观点。Are interested in other people’s ideas and so are willing to read and listen attentively, even when they tend to disagree with the other person.认识到极端的观点（无论是保守的还是自由派的）很少正确，所以他们避免它们，践行公正性并且寻求平衡的观点。Recognize that extreme views (whether conservative or liberal) are seldom correct, so they avoid them, practice fairmindedness, and seek a balanced view.践行克制，控制自己的感情而不是受感情所控制，三思而后行。Practice restraint, controlling their feelings rather than being controlled by them, and thinking before acting.假装自己知道的比做的还多，无视自己的局限性，并假设自己的观点无差错。Pretend they know more than they do, ignore their limitations, and assume their views are error-free. 把问题和有争议的议题视为对自我的损害或威胁。Regard problems and controversial issues as nuisances or threats to their ego. 对复杂性缺乏耐心，宁可困惑不解也不努力搞明白。Are impatient with complexity and thus would rather remain confused than make the effort to understand. 把判断建立在第一印象和知觉反应上。他们不关心证据的数量和质量，并且顽固地坚持自己的观点。Base judgments on first impressions and gut reactions. They are unconcerned about the amount or quality of evidence and cling to their views steadfastly.只关注自身和自己的观点，因而不愿关注他人的观点。一看到不同意见，他们往往会想“我怎么能够反驳它？”Are preoccupied with themselves and their own opinions and so are unwilling to pay attention to others’ views. At the first sign of disagreement, they tend to think, “How can I refute this?”忽视平衡的必要性，优先考虑支持他们