重点语法复习The Subjunctive Mood.docVIP

The Subjunctive Mood （动词的虚拟语气） 概说 语气(mood)是动词的一种特殊形式，用来表示说话人对所谈内容所持的态度。按说话人所持的不同态度，英语动词可有三种不同语气，1）陈述语气（用于陈述事实）；2）祈使语气（用语提出命令、请求等）；3）虚拟语气（用于表示主观愿望、假设、怀疑、推测或与现实相反、不能实现、无把握实现的假设条件等）。如： They are good doctors of the Bethune type.（陈述语气）他们是白求恩式的好医生。 Be good doctors of the Bethune type. (祈使语气) 要做白求恩式的好医生。 I wish I were a good doctor of Bethune type. （虚拟语气） 但愿我是个医生。 上面三句例句中动词be分别使用了are、be、were这三种不同形式，以表示陈述、祈使和虚拟等三种语气。 虚拟语气在条件句中的应用： 所谓条件句就是包含条件、假设的句子。按照其意义的不同，可分为两类： 真实条件句（Sentence of Real Condition） 假设的条件有可能发生和实现，谓语动词用陈述语气。如： If I have time, I’ll go to see you. We will go on a picnic unless it rains tomorrow. 2) 非真实条件句（Sentence of Unreal Condition） 假设的条件纯属设想、推测，不可能实现或与实际情况相反，谓语动词用虚拟语气。 a. 用于表示与现在事实相反的条件从句中 动词用过去时（动词be一律用were）表示，而主句中的动词用 “should / would +动词原形”来表示. 如： If he worked hard, he would learn more. If he were here, he would help me with my work. If I were given two weeks’ holiday, I would like to go to Beijing. What would you do if you saw a house on fire? b. 用于表示与将来事实相反的条件从句中 动词用“should（或were to）+动词原形”这一形式，主句中动词用法同上。如： If the rain should (were to) stop, I should go out for a walk. If I had (were to have, should have) time tomorrow, I would visit you. c. 用于表示与过去事实相反的条件从句中 动词用过去完成时形式，而主句中的动词用“should / would+动词完成时”。如： If he had had more practice, he would have made much progress in his studies. You wouldn’t have caught cold if you had put on more clothes yesterday. She would have come if she hadn’t been so busy last week. Notes: 上述非真实条件句中所用的动词虚拟语气可归纳为三类：a. were型（表示与现在事实相反）；b. should be型（表示与将来事实相反）；c. had been型（表示与过去事实相反）。如将这类条件句中的were, should, had提前置于句首，则可将连词if省略而成为不完全省略句。如： Were it not for his help, we would not have finished our work. Death would ensue immediately should the heart stop beating. Had he been inoculated against smallpox, he would not have contract the disease. 如果他真要种过了牛痘的话，他就不会得病了。 d. 混合时间虚拟条件句 当条件从句表示的动作和主句表示的动作发生的时间不一致时，主句和从句的谓语动词形式要根据各自的时间来选择。常见的组合是从句与过去事实相反，主句为现在或将来时间。如： If I had reviewed my lessons last night, I should