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* * * * * * * * * * Leukemic stem cells (LSC): Classic examples of CSC Lapidot T, et al. A cell initiating human acute myeloid leukaemia after transplantation into SCID mice. Nature 367, 645-648, 1994. Blair et al., Blood 89, 3104-3112, 1997 Bonnet, D., Dick, J.E. Nature Med. 3, 730-737, 1997 Most of the leukemic cells are unable to proliferate extensively and only a small, defined subset of cells was consistently clonogenic. LSCs for human AML were identified prospectively and purified as [Thy1-, CD34+, CD38-] cells from various patient samples and they represent 0.2 - 1% of the total. The LSCs are the only cells capable of transferring AML from human patient to NOD/SCID mice and are referred to as SCID leukemia -initiating cells (SL-IC). Identification of CSC in Solid Tumors by Markers Al-Hajj, M et al., Prospective identification of tumorigenic breast cancer cells. PNAS 100, 3983-3988, 2003. Hemmati, H.D et al., Cancerous stem cells can arise from pediatric brain tumors. PNAS 100, 15178-15183, 2003 (using neural SC markers). Galli R et al., Isolation and characterization of tumorigenic, stem-like neural precursors from human glioma. Cancer Res. 64, 7011, 2004. Singh SK et al. Identification of human brain tumour initiating cells. Nature 432: 396-401, 2004 (using CD133 as a marker). Patrawala L, et al. Highly purified CD44+ prostate cancer cells from xenograft human tumors are enriched in tumorigenic and metastatic progenitor cells. Oncogene 25, 1696-1708, 2006. Identification of CSCs by SP Kondo T, et al. Persistence of a small population of cancer stem-like cells in the C6 rat glioma cell line. PNAS 101: 781-786, 2004. Hirschmann-Jax C, et al. A distinct side population of cells with high drug efflux capacity in human tumor cells. PNAS 101: 14228, 2004. Patrawala, L., et al. Side population (SP) is enriched in tumorigenic, stem-like cancer cells whereas ABCG2+ and ABCG2- cancer cells are similarly tumorigenic. Cancer Res. 65, 6207, 20
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