流体力学第四章.ppt

清华大学工程力学系 VI. VISCOUS INTERNAL FLOW IV. DIFFERENTIAL RELATIONS FOR A FLUID PARTICLE To date, we have considered only problems where the viscous effects were either: a. known: i.e. - known FD or hf b. negligible: i.e. - inviscid flow This chapter presents methodologies for predicting viscous effects and viscous flow losses for internal flows in pipes, ducts, and conduits. Typically, the first step in determining viscous effects is to determine the flow regime at the specified condition. The two possibilities are: a. Laminar flow b. Turbulent flow The Acceleration Field of a Fluid A general expression of the flow field velocity vector is given by One of two reference frames can be used to specify the flow field characteristics eulerian – the coordinates are fixed and we observe the flow field characteristics as it passes by the fixed coordinates. lagrangian - the coordinates move through the flow field following individualparticles in the flow. The Acceleration Field of a Fluid Since the primary equation used in specifying the flow field velocity is based on Newton’s second law, the acceleration vector is an important solution parameter. In cartesian coordinates, this is expressed as total local convective The acceleration vector is expressed in terms of three types of derivatives: Total acceleration = total derivative of velocity vector = local derivative + convective derivative of velocity vector The Acceleration Field of a Fluid Likewise, the total derivative (also referred to as the substantial derivative ) of other variables can be expressed in a similar form, e.g. Example 4.1 Given the Eulerian velocity-vector field find the acceleration of the particle. Example 4.1 For the given velocity vector, the individual components are u = 3 t v = x z w = t y2 Evaluating the individual components for the accelerat