bem【DOC精选】.docVIP

Chapter 1 Biomechanics(生物力学) 1.1. Properties of Elastic Materials 1). Strain(应变): the extension of unit length. (1) Tensile strain(张应变): the ratio of the increase in length to the original length (2) Volume strain(体应变): the ratio of the change in volume. (3) Shear strain(切应变): the ratio of the displacement to the transverse dimension. 2). Stress(应力) : the (elastic)force acting on unit cross-section area Normal stress=F(/A (N/m2) Tangential(Shear) stress=F// /A (N/m2) (1) Tensile stress (张应力)(： , direction: perpendicular to A E: Young’s modulus（杨氏 弹性模量）(N/m2or pascal (Pa) ) (’ : Poisson’s ratio(泊松比) a dimensionless constant characteristic of material W: the original width of the cross-section area, (W: the change in width. For many common materials, (’ has a value between 0.1 and 0.3 (2) Volume stress(体应力) (P: , direction: all directions B: Bulk modulus(体变弹性模量) k =1/B : compressibility(压缩系数) (3) Shear stress(切应力): ( , direction: parallel to A S: Shear modulus 3)．Elastic deformation(弹性形变): the deformation corresponding to that when unloaded, the material will return to its original length. 4). Plastic deformation(塑性形变)：the deformation corresponding to that when unloaded, the material will not return to its original length, but exhibit a permanent distortion. 1.2. Properties of viscoelastic materials(粘弹性材料) 1). The characters of viscoelastic materials (1). Relaxation(应力松弛): stress decreases with time under constant displacement. (2). Creep(蠕变): strain increases with time under constant loads. (3). Hysteresis(滞后): when a load is applied and removed repeatedly, the stress/strain curve(应力/应变曲线) for loading(加载) is different from that for unloading(卸载). 2) The models of viscoelasticity (Elastic model (Spring弹簧) : Hooke’s law(虎克定律): Displacement is proportional to load, the rate of change of displacement is proportional to the rate of change of load: (Visco model(dashpot阻尼器): The instant rate of change of displacement is proportional to the appli