2013考研基础长难句讲义-吴耀武.docVIP

0571 一、定语从句　　定语从句是英语中一种最常见的句型，它可以分为限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句，即定语从句的关系词在文中修饰哪个词、短语或句子。在主句中不可缺少的定语从句称限定性定语从句。对主句起附加说明作用的定语从句称非限定性定语从句。此外，定语从句和主句之间还存在着状语关系，说明原因、目的、让步、假设等。 1 显性定语从句——带有连词的，常见连词which,who,whom,whose,that,when,where(that后面跟的是一句完整的句子为同位语从句。否则为定语从句。 When,where 跟在主句之后，也可作整句句子的状语，如何判断到底是定语还是状语？easy，如果句子中已经有了自己的时间、地点状语，那么这时when，where 自然是引导定语从句。如果未出现，那么就是状语。Eg:This book was introduced into China in 1999 when he was young.定语从句，翻译在后面，“…,那一年”；如果去掉in 1999，则是状语从句，翻译时when提到前面，“当…的时候,…”) 2 隐性定语从句——在考研阅读中，不带连词的句子有三类：A 故意省略that,which，whom。标志：后面那个从句没有宾语。Eg: I went back to the village my parents wants to visit. visit 后面没有宾语，宾语就是the village。B 用分词短语省略连词。分词短语—ing, ed, to。We bought a book attracting millions of students.(that attracts).非谓语动词跟在名词之后，就可以把它看做是一个定语从句，翻译时从attracting 那里划开，前面是主句。C 名词+介词短语/形容词短语。Darwin believes that he has an compensating advantage of forcing him to think long and intentively about every sentence in his reasoning and observations. 分析：of 修饰advantage ，翻译时处理成定语从句。Of 前为主句，Of 后面为从句，，一句一句翻译。达尔文…，该优势… 定语从句的处理：如果简短，直接往名词之前翻，“…的”，为合译。如果复杂，或并不复杂，但与主句的关系比较疏远，即有逗号的非限制性定语从句，采用分译法，把主句翻译完，再翻译分局，出现重复没事，汉语不怕重复。 例1.The change met the technical requirement of the new age and prevented the decline in efficiency that so commonly spoiled the fortunes of family firms in the second and third generation after the energetic founders. (1996年真题) 如何判断that 后面是修饰efficiency 还是decline in effciency，只要看是什么能 spoiled the fortunes of family. 例2. The American economic system is, organized around a basically private-enterprise, market- oriented economy in which consumers largely determine what shall be produced by spending their money in the marketplace for those goods and services that they want most.“ 。。。在这种体制中，。。。” 例3. If, on the other hand, producing more of a commodity results in reducing its cost, this will tend to increase the supply offered by seller-producers, which in turn will lower the price and permit more consumers to buy the product. 例4. The government promised to give pr