PhysicsElementaryMechanicsLecture.pptVIP

November 28, 2006 Center for Solar-Terrestrial Research Physics 111: Elementary Mechanics – Lecture 12 Carsten Denker NJIT Physics Department Center for Solar–Terrestrial Research Equilibrium The linear momentum P of the center of mass is constant. The angular momentum L about the center of mass, or about any other point, is constant. Static equilibrium: and Stable and unstable static equilibrium Requirement of Equilibrium The vector sum of all external forces that act on a body must be zero. The vector sum of all external torques that act on a body, measured about any possible point, must also be zero. The linear momentum of the body must be zero. Center of Gravity The gravitational force on a body effectively acts on a single point, called the center of gravity. If is the same for all elements of a body, then the body’s center of gravity is coincident with the body’s center of mass. Newton’s Law of Gravitation Gravitation Near Earth’s Surface Kepler’s Laws Potential and Kinetic Energy Einstein and Gravitation * * balance of forces balance of torques A uniform spherical shell shell of matter attracts a particles that is outside the shell as if all the shell’s mass is concentrated at its center! G = 6.67 ? 10–11 N m2/kg2 Superposition Principle Gravitational acceleration Earth is not uniform Earth is not a sphere Earth is rotating Mean Earth surface (0 km, 9.83 m/s2), Mt. Everest (8.8 km, 9.80 m/s2), highest manned balloon ( 36.6 km, 9.71 m/s2), Space Shuttle orbit (400 km, 8.70 m/s2), and communications satellite (35,700 km, 0.225 m/s2) The Law of Orbits: All planets move in elliptical orbits, with the Sun at one focus. The Law of Areas: A line that connects the planet to the Sun sweeps out equal areas in the plane of the planet’s orbit in equal times, i.e., the rate dA/dt at which it sweeps out area A is constant. The Law of Periods: The square of the period is proportional to the cube of the semimajor axis of its orbit. Potential Energy