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POSTWAREUROPE
POST-WAR EUROPE “What is Europe now? A rubble heap, a breeding ground for pestilence and hate” –Winston Churchill Problems Massive civilian and military casualties Economic conditions worse than they had been during Great Depression Millions of people who had lost everything What to do with defeated Germany POTSDAM CONFERENCE (SUMMER 1945) HELD IN GERMANY Germany divided into four occupation zones British French Soviet American DIVISION OF GERMANY Each occupying power had to: Clean out ex-Nazis Rebuild economy Re-educate Germans Reunify into a cleansed Germany Soviet Union would not cooperate Resulted in three western zones uniting in 1949 to create West Germany Soviet zone becomes East Germany ECONOMIC RECOVERY European Economic Recovery Plan (“The Marshall Plan”) 1948 Massive amounts of American aid No strings attached European recipients encouraged to cooperate together THE COMMON MARKET Creation of European Economic Community (“Common Market”) 1957 Single free trade zone Guided by common economic policies North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) 1949 Peacetime military alliance Led by U.S. Economic recovery of Western Europe reduced threat of Communism in the region POST-WAR SOVIET UNION Stalin re-imposes police state Returned Soviet POWs sent to labor camps Successful generals eliminated Five-year plans restored Soviet Union takes over “liberated” Eastern Europe Despite earlier promises Installs communist puppet regimes THE COLD WAR Cold War with U.S. Launched by Soviet action in Eastern Europe Fueled by ideological differences, mutual mistrust, and desire to impose their systems on world Possession of nuclear weapons by both threatened entire world RISE OF KHRUSHCHEV Stalin dies in 1952 Replaced by Valentii Molotov and Nikita Khrushchev Both realized that changes had to be made Molotov wanted slow and gradual change Khrushchev wanted rapid and bold changes KHRUSHCHEV WINS Khrushchev wins power struggle and emerges as sole master of Soviet Union
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