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最近发展区理论
Zone of Proximal Development
Les Vygotsky
杨林燕 漆雪彬 李月
Contents
Origins
The concept of the zone of proximal development (ZPD) was originally developed by Vygotsky to argue against the use of academic, knowledge-based tests as a means to gauge students intelligence. Vygotsky argued that rather than examining what a student knows to determine intelligence, it is better to examine their ability to solve problems independently and their ability to solve problems with the assistance of an adult.
Vygotsky
Lev Vygotsky (1896-1934) was a Russian psychologist. He worked on child development, play and language. He also developed a holistic theory of human cultural and biosocial development.
1934, he died of TB.
Vygotsky
Vygotskys view is that language has two functions: external communication with ones fellow human beings and, equally important, the internal manipulation of ones inner thoughts.
Language starts as a tool external to the child used for social interaction. The child guides its behavior by using a kind of self-talk or thinking out loud. Initially, self-talk is very much a tool of social interaction and this tapers to negligible levels when the child is alone. Gradually, self-talk is used more as a tool for self-directed and self-regulating behavior.
Works
Vygotsky L. 1962. Thought and language. MIT Press. ISBN 0-262-72001-9. Revised and expanded edition 2012. ISBN 978-0-262-51771-3
Vygotsky L. 1962. Psychology of art. MIT Press. ISBN 978-0-262-22013-2
Vygotsky L. 1978. Mind in society: the development of higher psychological processes. Cambridge London: Harvard University Press. ISBN 0-674-57629-2
Introduce the Zone of Proximal Development
Vygotsky stated that a child follows an adults example and gradually develops the ability to do certain tasks without help or assistance. Vygotskys often-quoted definition of ZPD presents it as the distance between the actual developmental level as determined by independent problem solving and the level of potential developm
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