甘油醛-3-磷酸.ppt

Section 2 Catabolism of monocarbohydrate 第二节 单糖的分解代谢 2.2.1 The Elucidation of Glucose Degradation Pathway Has a Rich History 1910s to 30s, Embden and Meyerhof (Germany), glycolysis in muscle and its extracts: in vitro reconstruction from glycogen to lactic acid; many reactions of lactic acid (muscle) and alcohol (yeast) fermentations are the same; lactic acid is reconverted to carbohydrate in the presence of O2; some phosphorylated compounds are energy-rich. “Embden-Meyerhof pathway”. 1940s, Lipmann, discovery of Coenzyme A and acetyl-CoA; 1930s to 40s, Carl Cori and Gerty Cori, discovery of glycogen phosphorylase (磷酸化酶）and glucose-1-phosphate; 1940s, Cori, Cori and Houssay, discovery of hormone （激素） regulation of metabolism; The whole pathway of glycolysis (Glucose to pyruvate) was elucidated by the 1940s. The glycolysis is a pathway from glucose to pyruvate; 5. Intermediary metabolites are phosphated（磷酸化的）; 6. Three types of chemical changes； 7. Glycolysis is highly regulated. Phosphoryl group transfer: kinase; Phosphoryl group shift: mutase（变位酶）; Isomerization: isomerase; Dehydrogenation: dehydrogenase（脱氢酶）; Dehydration: dehydratase (enolase，烯醇化酶); Aldol cleavage: aldolase（醛缩酶）. 带有负电荷的磷酸基团使中间产物具有极性，从而使这些产物不易透过脂膜而失散。 磷酸基团在各反应步骤中，对酶来说，起到信号基团的作用，有利于与酶结合而被催化。 磷酸基团经酵解作用后，最终形成ATP的末端磷酸基团，因此具有保存能量的作用。 1、己糖激酶是一种调节酶，产物葡萄糖-6-磷酸和ADP能使该酶受到变构抑制。但葡萄糖磷酸激酶却不受葡萄糖-6-磷酸的抑制。 2、葡萄糖激酶的对葡萄糖的米氏常数Km (5~10mmol/L) 比己糖激酶的Km值 （0.1mmol/L）大得多，因此，当葡萄糖浓度相当高时，葡萄糖激酶才起作用。 动物己糖激酶同工酶的性质比较 Effectors of phosphofructokinase （PFK） Mutase belongs to the isomerase family. Catalyzed by enolase, generating phosphoenolpyruvate (磷酸烯醇式丙酮酸，PEP); An enolphosphate （烯醇磷酸酯） has high phosphoryl （磷酰基）group transfer potential （高基团转移势能）. Pyruvate reduced (还原) and NAD+ regenerated (生成); Catalyzed by lactate dehydrogenase (乳酸脱氢酶); This happens in animal tissues when O2 is limited; This also happens in many microorganisms (e.g., lactobacilli). Pyruvate decarboxylase 丙酮酸脱羧酶 (present only in those alcohol fer