英语的主位结构与话语结构.ppt

英语的主位结构与话语结构 辛 斌 南京师范大学外国语学院163.com 一、引言 母语习得与外语学习 儿童和成人学习外语 感性 VS 理性 语言理论与外语学习 谈三个问题： 1. 主位结构和句子结构； 2. 主位结构和语篇连贯性； 3. 主位结构和语篇结构 二、主位结构与句子结构 引言 The view that natural language is essentially conventional has rooted so firmly in our mind that we usually take it for granted that the Grammatical rules of a language are basically arbitrary. However, Leech points out that there are two levels of explanation of grammar. The grammatical rules of a particular language are arbitrary, but there is also a ‘metagrammar’ …. at this latter level we can reasonably attempt to give explanations of why grammars have the rules that they have, and that such explanations may appeal to pragmatic motivation. 下面只以句子的移位转换（movement transformation)为例。 主位与述位（theme rheme)： 从“布拉格学派”（the Prague Schoo1）以来，语言学家一般认为，句子就其传递的信息或表达的语义而言由两个基本部分构成：主位和述位。主位是发话人发出一句话时所谈论的人或事物，是其发话的出发点，通常位于句首，表示已知信息；述位是发话人在句中就主位所做的陈述，通常在句中较晚出现，表示新的或重要的信息。 移位转换规则（movement rules） They shift a syntactic element from one position to another within the sentence. It has been found that these rules are constrained, to a greater or lesser degree, by the thematic structure of the English sentences. 左向移位： l. a. That man, I saw him running away from the scene of the robbery yesterday. b. Peterson，he is a notorious lie-teller. c. * A book, I borrowed it from Mary. 2. a. A boy threw the bomb at her. b. The bomb was thrown at her by a boy. c. The boy threw a bomb at her. d. ?A bomb was thrown at her by the boy. 右向移位： l. A colorless liquid was in the bottle.→ There was a colorless liquid in the bottle. 2. The boys are in the garden.→ *There are the boys in the garden. 3. They turned the light on. 或者 They turned on the light. 但是: They turned it on. *They turned on it John gave it up. *John gave up it. 4. There was a gust of wind, and away went his hat. (如果用it替换his hat会如何?) 三、主位结构与语篇连贯性 Quirk等在A Comprehensive Grammar Of the English Language一书中指