network.ppt.ppt

Wide Area Networks： Large geographical area Crossing public rights of way Rely in part on common carrier circuits Alternative technologies technologies Circuit Switching Packet Switching Frame Relay ATM(Asynchronous Transfer Mode) ISDN and Broadband ISDN 计算机网络 什么是计算机网络？ 协议：若两个实体间得以成功得通信，它们必须讲相同的语言，相互间必须认同某些约定：通信些什么，怎样通信，何时通信。这种约定我们称之为协议，协议定义了在两个实体间交换数据的一组管理规则。 实体是一种发送或接收信息的功能，如用户应用程序，文件传输，DBMS，E-mail功能； 计算机网络发展简史 1、面向终端的计算机通信网 A Three-Layer Model Network access layer: 计算机与所连网络之间的数据交换。 Transport layer： 计算机之间的可靠数据交换。 Application layer： 支持各种用户应用程序的逻辑。 通信结构及网络 为了成功地通信，整个系统里每一个实体(Entity)必须有一个唯一的地址，实际上需要两级寻址 网络中的每台计算机有唯一的网络地址，以使网络可以将数据导向到适当的计算机。 计算机中的每个应用在该计算机里也必须有唯一的地址，以使传输层可以将数据导向到某个应用，这个地址称为服务访问点SAP(Service Access Point),涵义自每个应用将分别独自访问传输层的服务的事实。 协议数据单元(PDU) 一个简单的通信模型 OSI /RM ISO OSI 协议诸层及说明 Protocol Functions Encapsulation Segmentation and reassembly Connection control Ordered delivery Flow control Error control Addressing Multiplexing Transmission services Encapsulation PC: Protocol Control SA: Source Address DA: Destination Address EDC: Error Detection Code : Segmentation and Reassembly Segmentation Reasonable for error control Medium share and short delay Small buffer needed Recovery efficiency Connection Control—connection-oriented Connection establishment Data transfer Connection termination Ordered delivery In connection oriented protocol PDU order is maintained. Flow Control Flow control is a function performed by a receiving entity to limit the amount or rate of data that is sent by a transmitting entity. Error Control Error control techniques are needed to guard against loss or damage of data and control information. Two Functions: error detecting and retransmission Addressing Addressing level Addressing scope Global nonambiguity(无二意，唯一) Global applicability Connection identifiers Connectionless: for each data transmission using a global name Connection-oriented: using a connection name Reducing overhead Routing Multiplexing Use of state