中级微观经济学第三章概念.ppt

* * The following might be helpful: After the first paragraph displays, pick a Q a little to the left of QA. From this Q, go up to the ATC curves. Notice that cost per unit is lower for the small factory than the medium one. The firm may be stuck with a medium factory in the short run, but in the long run – if it wishes to produce this level of output – it will choose the small factory to have the lowest cost per unit. Hence, for Q QA, the LRATC curve is the portion of ATCS from 0 to QA. After the second paragraph displays, pick a Q a little to the right of QA. From this Q, go up to the ATC curves. Notice that cost per unit is lower for the medium factory than the small one. The firm may be stuck with a small factory in the short run, but in the long run – if it wishes to produce this level of output – it will choose the medium factory to have the lowest cost per unit. Hence, for QA Q QB, the LRATC curve is the portion of ATCM from QB to QA. The same type of argument illustrates the logic in the third paragraph. 企业关闭（shut-down）与企业退出（exit）不同：关闭指企业停止生产，但企业还在这个行业存在，仍需支付固定成本。退出是一个长期的概念，即企业离开这个行业。 * * The decision rule for whether to exit says: If the cost of exiting is greater than the benefit, the firm should exit. * * Similarly, a prospective entrant compares the benefits of entering the market (TR) with the costs (TC), and enters if the benefits exceed the costs. 如铁矿石、食盐 如房地产、首饰 如计算机、电视机 * Is the market’s allocation of resources desirable? This question is important, because the answer to it has implications for the proper role and scope of government. If the market’s allocation is generally desirable, then the role of government should be limited to the protection of property rights, national defense and so forth. If not, then public policy may potentially be able to improve upon the market’s allocation. * 短期市场供给曲线 在分析整个市场的供给时，我们提到的短期和长期市场供给曲线不但包括成本函数中提到的短期和长期的含义，而且主要指企业进入和退出的时间是否足够。在短期内，我们通常假设市场上的厂商数量是给定的，而在长期内，企业可以自由进出。 短期市场供给曲线为现有厂