Metal Alloys Structure and Heat Treatment金属合金结构及热处理.pptVIP

Engr 241 Engr 241 Introduction to Manufacturing Metal Alloys (l.u. 2/15/10) * Engr 241 Introduction The properties and behavior of metals (and alloys) depend on their: Structure Processing history and Composition * Engr 241 Structure of Alloys An alloy is the combination of two or more chemical elements, one being a metal. Classification of alloys. Ferrous: containing iron, second most abundant element (5% earths crust). Non-ferrous: no iron, usually more expensive than ferrous metals. * Engr 241 (Black Kohser, 2008, p. 125) * Engr 241 Solute- minor element (added to solvent) Solvent- major element (host) Solid solution- structure of the solvent is maintained (one alloying element is completely dissolved in another) Phase- liquid, solid, gas – pure substance or solution (uniformity) Some elements have limited solubility – results in mechanical mixture (clear boundaries) Structure of Alloys (Cont.) * Engr 241 1. Substitutional Solid Solutions Substitutional Solid Solution (according to Hume-Rothery rules): Must have similar crystal structures (e.g. FCC with FCC). Difference between atomic radii less than 15% (same size atoms). Brass (zinc + copper). Copper Grains * Engr 241 2. Interstitial Solid Solutions Interstitial Solid Solution - solvent atom has more than one valence electron (easier to control solute). Atomic radius of solute atom is less than 59% of solvent (atom sizes differ greatly). Example = Steel (iron + carbon) * Engr 241 Intermetallic Compounds Complex structures Solute atoms present among solvent atoms = atomic bonding. Strong, hard, and brittle Ti3Al, Ni3Al, Fe3Al. Aluminum Grains * Engr 241 Two-phase Systems Most alloys consist of two or more solid phases (alloy contains particles of single element OR grains are different). Limited solubility (just as with sugar in water ? Mechanical mixture). Clear boundaries, mixture - each with its own properties. Stronger and less ductile than solid solutions. * Engr 241 Phase Diagrams P