Module 7 Process Synchronization SJTU模块7进程同步交大.pptVIP

* * * * There are reasonable arguments in favor of adopting either option. On the one hand, since P was already executing in the monitor, the signal-and-continue method seems more reasonable. On the other hand, if we allow thread P to continue, then by the time Q is resumed, the logical condition for which Q was waiting may no longer hold. A compromise between these two choices was adopted in the language Concurrent Pascal. When thread P executes the signal operation, it immediately leaves the monitor. Hence, Q is immediately resumed. * * * * * * * * To guard against the race condition above, we need to ensure that only one process at a time can be manipulating the variable counter. To make such a guarantee, we require that the processes be synchronized in some way. * * Why Petersons solution is not guaranteed to work correctly on modern computer architectures? Most modern CPUs reorder memory accesses to improve execution efficiency (see memory ordering for types of reordering allowed). Such processors invariably give some way to force ordering in a stream of memory accesses, typically through a memory barrier instruction. Implementation of Petersons and related algorithms on processors which reorder memory accesses generally requires use of such operations to work correctly to keep sequential operations from happening in an incorrect order. Note that reordering of memory accesses can happen even on processors that dont reorder instructions (such as the PowerPC processor in the Xbox 360). Memory ordering is a group of properties of the modern microprocessors, characterising their possibilities in memory operations reordering. It is a type of out-of-order execution. Memory reordering can be used to fully utilize different cache and memory banks. On most modern uniprocessors memory operations are not executed in the order specified by the program code. But from the programmers point of view, all operations appear to have been executed in the order specified, with