MRI simplified University of South Carolina磁共振成像简化南卡罗来纳州大学.pptVIP

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MRI simplified University of South Carolina磁共振成像简化南卡罗来纳州大学.ppt

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MRI simplified University of South Carolina磁共振成像简化南卡罗来纳州大学

* * * * * * * * * * * * * * * SPIN ECHO This is a classic pulse sequence. In Spin Echo, we apply a RF pulse 90o relative the initial magnetic field, B0 and then apply a RF pulse 180o relative to the B0 field to obtain our image. The reason for applying 90o pulse is to dephase proton spins so that we can see the differences in tissues. Moreover, an 180o pulse is applied to rephase spins of protons so that we can measure an accurate T2 echo since all spins will be rephased in the transverse axis. One may ask how can180o pulse rephase spins if they are all out of phase. Consider a race between a turtle and rat. When the race starts (relaxation begins), both are in the same place. As the rat runs faster, the distance between them widens. Then they both have to turn around and go back (180o pulse) at the same speed to reach the finish line. Both will arrive at the same time (rephase) to the finish line. Remember: Longitudinal axis (T1 relaxation); Transverse axis (T2 relaxation) SPIN ECHO One can already see that the echo signal after 90o pulse is due to T1 and T2 relaxation since protons will attempt to align with the B0 magnetic field in the longitudinal axis (T1) as well as show decay in the transverse axis (T2). Conversely, the echo signal after 180o pulse is due to T2 decay since the spins have been rephased and there is a net vector of all the spins in the transverse axis. Hence, 180o pulse is applied in order to obtain accurate T2 measurement as stated previously. Thereafter, the spins will realign in the longitudinal axis and one can then accurately measure T1 time. In this way, one can obtain T1 and T2 weighted images based on this spin echo sequence by modifying the TR and TE time. T1 AND T2-WEIGHTED IMAGES As we have already discussed, the origin of T1 and T2 time is due to relaxation of protons in different planes. If we want a T1 weighted image then the TR and TE time will have to be short. This image will show fat brighter relative to water. If we