Online Grid Replication Optimizers to Improve System在线网格复制优化提高系统.pptVIP

Servers Servers Rarely completely idle Seldom operate at maximum 10-50% of max utilization levels 100% utilization not acceptable for meeting throughput, etc. – no slack time Servers Completely idle server waste of capital Difficult to idle subset of servers Servers need to be available Perform background tasks Move data around Can help recovery of crash Applications can be restructured to create idle intervals Difficult, hard to maintain Devices with highest energy savings, highest wake-up penalty, e.g disk spin up Energy Efficiency at varying utilization levels Utilization – measure of performance normalized to performance at peak loads Energy efficient server still consumes ? power when doing almost no work Power efficiency – utilization/power value Peak energy efficiency occurs at peak utilization and drops as util. decreases At 20-30% utilization, efficiency drops to less than ? at peak performance Toward energy-proportional machines Mismatch between servers’ high-energy efficiency characteristics and behavior Designers need to address this Design machines that consume energy in proportion to amount of work performed No power when idle (easy) Nearly no power when little work (harder) More as activity increases (even harder) CPU power Fraction of total server power consumed by CPU changed since 2005 CPU no longer dominates power at peak usage, trend will continue Even less when idle Processors close to energy-proportional Consume 1/3 power at low activity (70% of peak) Power range less for other components 50% for DRAM, 25% for disk drives, 15% for network switches Dynamic range Processors can run at lower voltage frequency mode without impacting performance No other components with such modes Only inactive modes in DRAM and disks Inactive to active mode transition penalty (even it only idle to submilliseconds) Servers with 90% dynamic range could cut energy by ? in data centers Lower peak power by 30% Energy proportional hardware reduce ne