PointtoPoint Communication ubalt点对点通信ubalt.pptVIP

Point-to-Point Communication Terminal-Host Communication Components Terminal Host (locus of processing) Transmission line (here, phone line and modem) Telephone line acts as a point-to-point link Terminal Emulation People Already Have PCs Host operating systems only work with terminals Do not want to buy a terminal as well PCs can emulate (act like) terminals Only requires software (a communication program) Turns an expensive PC into a cheap terminal VT100 Terminals VT100 Emulation Only Needs Software Communications program Terminal emulation software Most Hosts Support VT100 Terminals Lowest Common Denominator Slow: maximum speed of 19 kbps, usually slower Uses inefficient asynchronous ASCII transmission, discussed later No graphics or even multiple fonts: plain text only No color Terminal Emulation Software File Transfer Transfer whole files with error correction Upload: from PC to host Download: from host to PC Terminal emulation program and host file transfer program must support the same file transfer protocol standard Kermit XMODEM, YMODEM IBM 3270 Terminals Analog and Digital Transmission Digital and Binary Digital Transmission Can have multiple voltage levels, say 4 Change to one at start of each bit cycle If 4, changes can represent 2 bits each: 00, 01, 10, 11 Baud Rate and Bit Rate Baud Rate Number of times line changes per second Let baud rate be 4 (4 changes per second) Let bits per line change be 2 Bit rate = 8 bits per second Bit rate = x2 Baud rate in this example Wave Characteristics Amplitude (power) Frequency (cycles per second, Hertz) Wavelength (meters) Wave Characteristics Phase Fully cycle is 360 degrees Phase is degrees different from reference wave Human ears cannot hear. Equipment can Wave Characteristics Amplitude Frequency and Wavelength Not independent As frequency rises, wavelength falls(Shorter guitar strings produce higher notes) Their product is constant--the speed of light, sound, etc. Phase Frequency Modulation Amplitude Modul