The C+Language Columbia UniversityC++语言哥伦比亚大学.pptVIP

The C++ Language Prof. Stephen A. Edwards The C++ Language Bjarne Stroupstrup, the language’s creator C++ Features Classes User-defined types Operator overloading Attach different meaning to expressions such as a + b References Pass-by-reference function arguments Virtual Functions Dispatched depending on type at run time Templates Macro-like polymorphism for containers (e.g., arrays) Exceptions Example: A stack in C typedef struct { char s[SIZE]; int sp; } Stack; stack *create() { Stack *s; s = (Stack *)malloc(sizeof(Stack)); s-sp = 0; return s; } Example: A stack in C char pop(Stack *s) { if (sp = 0) error(“Underflow”); return s-s[--sp]; } void push(Stack *s, char v) { if (sp == SIZE) error(“Overflow”); s-s[sp++] = v; } C++ Solution: Class class Stack { char s[SIZE]; int sp; public: Stack() { sp = 0; } void push(char v) { if (sp == SIZE) error(“overflow”); s[sp++] = v; } char pop() { if (sp == 0) error(“underflow”); return s[--sp]; } }; C++ Stack Class Natural to use Stack st; st.push(‘a’); st.push(‘b’); char d = st.pop(); Stack *stk = new Stack; stk-push(‘a’); stk-push(‘b’); char d = stk-pop(); C++ Stack Class Members (functions, data) can be public, protected, or private class Stack { char s[SIZE]; public: char pop(); }; Stack st; st.s[0] = ‘a’; // Error: sp is private st.pop(); // OK Class Implementation C++ compiler translates to C-style implementation Operator Overloading For manipulating user-defined “numeric” types Complex c1(1,5.3), c2(5); Complex c3 = c1 + c2; c3 = c3 + 2.3; Example: Complex number type C++’s operator overloading makes it elegant Class Complex { double re, im; public: complex(double); complex(double, double); complex operator+=(const complex); }; References Designed to avoid copying in overloaded operators A mechanism for calling functions pass-by-reference C only has pass-by-value void swap(int x, int y) { /* Doesn’t work */ int tmp = x;