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History of Mathematics Euclidean Geometry - Controversial Parallel Postulate Anisoara Preda Geometry A branch of mathematics dealing with the properties of geometric objects Greek word geos- earth metron- measure Geometry in Ancient Society In ancient society, geometry was used for: Surveying Astronomy Navigation Building Geometry was initially the science of measuring land Alexandria, Egypt Alexander the Great conquered Egypt The city Alexandria was founded in his honour Ptolemy, one of Alexander’s generals, founded the Library and the Museum of Alexandria The Library- contained about 600,000 papyrus rolls The Museum - important center of learning, similar to Plato’s academy Euclid of Alexandria The Three Theories We can read this about Euclid: Euclid was a historical character who wrote the Elements and the other works attributed to him Euclid was the leader of a team of mathematicians working at Alexandria. They all contributed to writing the complete works of Euclid, even continuing to write books under Euclids name after his death Euclid was not an historical character.The complete works of Euclid were written by a team of mathematicians at Alexandria who took the name Euclid from the historical character Euclid of Megara who had lived about 100 years earlier The Elements It is the second most widely published book in the world, after the Bible A cornerstone of mathematics, used in schools as a mathematics textbook up to the early 20th century The Elements is actually not a book at all, it has 13 volumes The Elements- Structure Thirteen Books Books I-IV ? Plane geometry Books V-IX ?Theory of Numbers Book X ? Incommensurables Books XI-XIII ?Solid Geometry Each book’s structure consists of: definitions, postulates, theorems Book I Definitions (23) Postulates (5) Common Notations (5) Propositions (48) The Four Postulates Postulate 1 To draw a straight line from any point to any point. Postulate 2 To produce a finite straight line con