Thermal Equilibrium of the Atmosphere with a given一个给定的大气的热平衡.pptVIP

* * * Atul Kapur akapur@rsmas.miami.edu from a paper by S. Manabe and Richard T. Wetherald 1966 No atmosphere Fixed emissivity and absorptivity at a given layer But in reality Absolute Humidity is a strong function of temperature? Fixed distribution of absorbers including water vapor (or Absolute humidity) (Manabe and Srickler, 1964) Why fixed Relative Humidity? DJF JJA Zonal-mean Absolute humidity (g kg-1) DJF JJA Zonal-mean Relative humidity (%) (Peixoto and Oort, 1992) Strong seasonal variation in Absolute Humidity Weak seasonal variation in Relative Humidity No atmosphere Fixed emissivity and absorptivity at each layer Fixed distribution of absorbers including water vapor (or Absolute humidity) But Absolute Humidity is a strong function of temperature? (Manabe and Srickler, 1964) Fixed distribution of Relative humidity (Telegadas and London, 1954) (Manabe and Wetherald, 1967) Mixing ratio is now allowed to change with change in temperature Another degree of freedom PARTIALLY released Constrained by the condition of fixed Relative Humidity Mixing ratio of CO2 is assumed to be constant (300 ppm by volume) (Herring and Borden, 1965) Ozone (London, 1956) Cloud characteristics Radiative (Fixed abs. humidity) Radiative (Fixed relative humidity) Radiative-Convective (Fixed relative humidity) Cooler Atmospheric Temperature + Fixed relative humidity Less moisture Less greenhouse effect Further temperature drop at the surface (Hergesell, 1919) Self Amplification effect Increase in moisture in a given volume of air Warmer Atmospheric Temperature + Fixed relative humidity OLR OLR Increase in height of effective source of OLR OLR lesser (than in case of fixed absolute humidity) Slower approach towards equilibrium Lesser Radiative cooling Increase in latent energy of air Increase in effective heat capacity Slower Approach towards equilibrium Approach of mean temperature towards equilibrium Fixed abs. humidity (I) Fixed RH with Cp dry (II) Fixed RH with effective Cp (III) O