第九章生物能学课件.pptVIP

Bioenergetics Definition Thermodynamics: energy and energy flow Bioenergics: thermodynamics of living things Some related terms System—what were looking out Surroundings—everything else Insulated system Open system—exchanges between system and surroundings Closed system State—the physical properties of the system, e.g. temp, pressure, conc. etc. Work—use of energy to do something (except produce heat) Entropy、Enthalpy and Free Energy First Law and Second law Gibbs Equations G＝H－T?S At constant temperature、volume and pressure，ΔG＝ΔH－TΔS The relations between ΔG and a biochemical reaction ΔG、 ΔGO and ΔGO＇ The relations between ΔG and ΔE in a redox reaction ΔG＝－nFΔE Coupling of favourable and unfavourable reactions High-energy biomolecules Adenosine triphosphate - the great “coupler” How to synthesize ATP? Standard conditions Pressure = 101kPa (1atm) Temperature = 298K (25℃) [Reactants] [Products] = 1M pH = 0 (ΔGO ,chemical) or 7.0 (ΔGO＇,biological ) Thermodynamic spontaneity Don’t get confused! Spontaneous means a reaction CAN happen, not that it WILL ?G is state function: pathway independent Rate of a reaction: pathway dependent kinetics Important principles A reaction will proceed favourably in the forward direction if ?G is negative. Thus, the value of ?G will tell you whether a reaction is energetically favourable under cellular conditions If ?G is large negative value, this reaction will be irreversible. Free energy changes are additive ?Gs are additive What’s so great about ATP? Its ΔG°′ is intermediate compared to other compounds - a useful denomination for a universal currency Two ways to produce ATPs Substrate-level phosphorylation Oxidative phosphorylation * * * * PGTP: phosphoryl group transfer potential