Chap公共物品和公有资源.pptVIP

公共物品与共有资源Public Goods and Common Resources 第11章 Chapter 11 “生活中最好的东西是免费的…” “The best things in life are free. . .” 免费物品向经济学分析提出了特别的挑战 Free goods provide a special challenge for economic analysis 经济中的大多数物品都是在市场中得以配置的 Most goods in our economy are allocated in markets “生活中最好的东西是免费的…” “The best things in life are free. . .” 当物品可以免费获得时，通常用以配置 资源的市场力量就难以发挥作用了。 When goods are available free of charge, the market forces that normally allocate resources in our economy are absent. “生活中最好的东西是免费的…” “The best things in life are free. . .” 当一个物品没有被标价，私人市场就不能保证该物品能在合适的数量下进行生产和消费。 When a good does not have a price attached to it, private markets cannot ensure that the good is produced and consumed in the proper amounts. “生活中最好的东西是免费的…” “The best things in life are free. . .” 在这种情况下，政府政策就有可能矫正 由此导致的市场失灵，提高经济福利。 In such cases, government policy can potentially remedy the market failure that results, and raise economic well-being. 物品的不同类型The Different Kinds of Goods 当考虑经济中的不同物品时，可以将它们 按两个特征来分组： When thinking about the various goods in the economy, it is useful to group them according to two characteristics: 该物品是排他的吗？ Is the good excludable? 该物品是竞争的吗？ Is the good rival? 物品的不同类型The Different Kinds of Goods 排他性Excludability 可以阻止其他人享用该物品 People can be prevented from enjoying the good. 可通过法律确认与保障私人产权 Laws recognize and enforce private property rights. The Different Kinds of Goods 竞争性Rivalness 某人对该物品的使用减少其他人对该物品的享受。 One person’s use of the good diminishes another person’s enjoyment of it. 四类物品Four Types of Goods 私人物品Private Goods 公共物品Public Goods 共有资源Common Resources 自然垄断Natural Monopolies 物品类型Types of Goods 私人物品Private Goods 既有排他性，又有竞争性。 Are both excludable and rival. 公共物品Public Goods 既无排他性，又无竞争性。 Are neither excludable nor rival. 物品类型Types of Goods 共有资源Common Resources 有竞争性，但无排他性。 Are rival but not excludable. 自然垄断Natural Monopolies 有排他性，但无竞争性。 Are excludable but not rival. 物品类型Ty