causecomparison.ppt

Points to be observed 1. The cause is necessary to the effect 2. The cause is sufficient for the effect 3. The cause is both necessary to and sufficient for the effect What has sparked the increasing interest in exercise ? For one thing , people have gained a greater awareness of the need for physical fitness . For another , the constantly improving standard of living enables Chinese people to patronize the increasing number of recreational venues . The main thing perhaps centers on the healthcare and psychological benefits exercise provides .什么引发了人们对锻炼越来越浓的兴趣？一方面，人们更加清楚地意识到保持身体健康的必要性。另一方面，不断提高的生活水平使中国人能够支付增加的娱乐支出。最主要的原因可能在于锻炼带来的身心健康的双赢。 Cause and Effect Diagram (“Fishbone”) Fishbone – How? Describe the problem of interest Decide the major causes – typically the 6 M’s – Manpower, Machines, Materials, Methods, Measurements, Mother Nature (Environment) Discuss causes and decide which are most important Drive those most important to root cause 1 : Has the cause/effect relationship been effectively addressed ? 2 : Has sufficient supporting detail been included ? 3 : Does the writing contain an effective opening and closing ? 4 : Does the writing form a meaningful whole ? 　　　　 常用于因果分析法的连接词  because, because of, for, since, due to, owing to, thanks to, as a result (of), accordingly, hence, so, thus, therefore, consequently, for this reason For one thing, … for another,… The first reason is that … the second one is … It is mainly (partly) because of … It is not that …, but that … It is not because … but because … This is why … Comparison and Contrast Defined Comparison is concerned with organizing and developing points of similarity—how your mother and father are alike, how the culture of Mexico resembles that of Spain. Contrast has the same function for dissimilarity—how American football differs from soccer, how you are different today from the way you were five years ago. Approaches: Focus only o