浙师大《细胞生物学》第十章_细胞骨架_Cytoskeleton.docVIP

第十章 细胞骨架(Cytoskeleton) 主要内容： 第一节 细胞质骨架 第二节 细胞核骨架 第一节 细胞质骨架 一、细胞骨架：是指真核细胞中的蛋白纤维网架体系，其概念有狭义与广义之分, 1、狭义概念：指细胞质骨架，包括微丝、微管和中间纤维 2、广义概念：包括细胞核骨架，细胞质骨架，细胞膜骨架和细胞外基质。 二、微丝(microfilament, MF) 1、概念：又称肌动蛋白纤维(actin filament), 是指真核细胞中由肌动蛋白(actin)组成、直径为7nm的骨架纤维。 2、成分: 肌动蛋白(actin)是微丝的结构成分,外观呈哑铃状。肌动蛋白的单体为球形分子，称为球形肌动蛋白G-actin(globular actin)，它的多聚体称为纤维形肌动蛋白F-actin (fibrous actin)。 3、装配： 1）MF是由G-actin单体形成的多聚体，肌动蛋白单体具有极性,装配时呈头尾相接, 故微丝具有极性，既正极与负极之别。 2）MF的解聚：在含有ATP和Ca2+以及低浓度的Na+, K+等阳离子溶液中，趋向于解聚。 3）MF的装配：在Mg2+和高浓度的Na+, K+等溶液中，趋向于装配。 4）倒踏车现象：微丝装配过程中，表现出一端因加亚单位而延长，同时，另一端因亚单位的脱落而简短的现象。 Actin is a globular protein that polymerize helicaly forming actin filaments (or microfilaments), which like the other two components of the cellular cytoskeleton form a three-dimensional network inside an eukariotic cell. Actin filaments provide mechanical support for the cell, determine the cell shape, enable cell movements (through pseudopods); and participate in certain cell junctions, in cytoplasmic streaming and in contraction of the cell during cytokinesis. In muscle cells they play an essential role, along with myosin, in muscle contraction. In the cytosol, actin is predominantly bound to ATP, but can also bind to ADP. An ATP-actin complex polymerizes faster and dissociates slower than an ADP-actin complex. Actin is also one of the most highly conserved proteins, differing by no more than 5% in species as diverse as algae and humans. The globular Actin is known as G-actin, while the filamentous polymer composed of G-actin subunits (a microfilament), is called F-actin. The microfilaments are the thinest component of the cytoskeleton, measuring only 7nm in diameter. Much like the microtubules, actin filaments are polar, with the plus (+) end elongating approximately 10 times faster than the minus (-) end. (Known as the treadmill effect). 4、微丝结合蛋白 1）肌肉收缩系统中的有关蛋白： ( 肌球蛋白 ( 原肌球蛋白 ( 肌钙蛋白 2）非肌肉细胞中微丝结合蛋白 ( 肌球蛋白 ( 原肌球蛋白 ( α-辅肌