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Empirical analysis of cascade deformable models for multi-view face detection.pdf

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Empirical analysis of cascade deformable models for multi-view face detection.pdf

Image and Vision Computing 42 (2015) 47–61 Contents lists available at ScienceDirect Image and Vision Computing journal homepage: /locate/imavis Empirical analysis of cascade deformable models for multi-view face detection? Javier Orozco a,?, Brais Martinez a, Maja Pantic a,b a Imperial College, Department of Computing, London, UK b University of Twente, EEMCS, Twente, Netherlands article info Article history: Received 11 June 2014 Received in revised form 18 July 2015 Accepted 24 July 2015 Available online 14 August 2015 Keywords: Multi-view face detection Cascade deformable models FDDB database AFLW database HPID database COFW dataset abstract We present a multi-view face detector based on Cascade Deformable Part Models (CDPM). Over the last decade, there have been several attempts to extend the well-established ViolaJones face detector algorithm to solve the problem of multi-view face detection. Recently a tree structure model for multi-view face detection was proposed. This method is primarily designed for facial landmark detection and consequently a face detection is provided. However, the effort to model inner facial structures by using a detailed facial landmark labelling resulted on a complex and suboptimal system for face detection. Instead, we adopt CDPMs, where the models are learned from partially labelled images using Latent Support Vector Machines (LSVM). Furthermore, LSVM is enhanced with data-mining and bootstrapping procedures to enrich models during the training. Furthermore, a postoptimization procedure is derived to improve the performance. This semi-supervised methodology allows us to build models based on weakly labelled data while incrementally learning latent positive and negative samples. Our results show that the proposed model can deal with highly expressive and partially occluded faces while outperforming the state-of-the-art face detectors by a large margin on challenging benchmarks such as the Face Detection Data Set and Benchmark (FDDB