Modelling and characterisation of stress-induced carbide precipitation in bearing steels under rolling contact fatigue.pdfVIP

Modelling and characterisation of stress-induced carbide precipitation in bearing steels under rolling contact fatigue.pdf

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Modelling and characterisation of stress-induced carbide precipitation in bearing steels under rolling contact fatigue.pdf

Acta Materialia 128 (2017) 176e187 Contents lists available at ScienceDirect Acta Materialia journal homepage: /locate/actamat Full length article Modelling and characterisation of stress-induced carbide precipitation in bearing steels under rolling contact fatigue H. Fu, E.I. Galindo-Nava, P.E.J. Rivera-Díaz-del-Castillo* SKF University Technology Centre, Department of Materials Science and Metallurgy, 27 Charles Babbage Road, University of Cambridge, CB3 0FS, UK article info Article history: Received 9 December 2016 Received in revised form 30 January 2017 Accepted 2 February 2017 Available online 4 February 2017 Keywords: Martensite Rolling contact fatigue Microstructural alteration Lenticular carbides Fatigue modelling abstract The nucleation and growth of lenticular carbides (LCs) in bearing steels occur near to deformed ferrite bands after exposure to prolonged rolling contact fatigue (RCF). Since the ?rst observations in 1947, a large number of attempts have been made to explain the formation mechanisms of such stress-induced microstructural alterations, but a reliable model was still not available. In this research, a novel theory is proposed to describe the carbon redistribution process during LC formation. The theory suggests a dislocation assisted LC growth mechanism on the basis of the classic Cottrell atmosphere formation theory. The mechanism considers (1) JLC ? Jd, the carbon ?ux equilibrium between LC thickening (JLC) and dislocation-assisted carbon migration (Jd), and (2) M0 ? MLC t Mb, the carbon mass conservation of the system, where M0 denotes the total amount of carbon within the system, MLC denotes the amount of carbon within a LC, and Mb denotes the amount of carbon left within the ferrite band, respectively. The solution to these two equations, which addresses the problem that has been puzzling researchers for several decades, makes good predictions on LC thickening rate under various testing conditions. The stress-induced carbide precipitati

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