物理课件281.pptVIP

Chapter 28 Condensed Matter 28.1 Spatial orders in condensed matter Ideal gas model~ disordered ideal crystal~equilibrium positions of all atoms (ions or molecules) are fixed on a lattice ideal liquid model~ random close-packing of hard spheres: short-range order Translational symmetry : long-range position order and bond orientation order. By short-range order, we mean that around an atom, the partition number, average distance to the nearest neighbor assume obvious characteristic values While amorphous solid (glass) or liquid do not have long-range order but short-range order. For rod-like molecule of liquid crystal 向列相 近晶相 胆甾相 Solids of (magnetic or electric) polar atoms (ions, molecules) may assume magnetic or electric orders Quasi-crystals are a new class of ordered structures. Instead they have bond orientation orders alone, some being self-similar They do not have translational symmetry. The discovery of quasicrystals : math, computer simulation and experiments 1D quasicrystal: arranged according to Fibonacci sequence S~short bond; L~long bond? quasi-crystal Self-similarity requires that the golden ratio Penrose tiling. Penrose packing. five-fold symmetry 28.2 Hausdorff dimension and fractal 2D or nearly 2D objects thin films, the inversion layer in semiconductor, the electron crystal on the liquid He surface —Wigner solid. 0D objects quantum dots superfine particles Real objects are indeed quasi-1D polyacetylene etc. 1D objects lines, quantum lines Koch curve d ~ 1–2? Koch snowflake