第一人体结构概述.pptVIP

第一章人体基本结构概述 第一节 细胞的结构与功能 Cell Structure and Function The structure of the cell The plasma membrane forms the outer boundary of the cell. The nucleus directs the activities of the cell. Cytoplasm, between the nucleus and plasma membrane, is where most cell activities take place. Functions of the Cell 1. Cells are the basic unit of life. 2. Cells provide protection and support. 3. Cells allow for movement. 4. Cells provide a means of communication. 5. Cells metabolize and release energy. 6. Cells provide for inheritance. How We See Cells 1. Light microscope allow us to visualize general features of cells. 2. Electron microscopes allow us to visualize the fine structure of cells. 细胞骨架的荧光染色 The Plasma Membrane细胞膜 1. The plasma membrane passively or actively regulates what enters or leaves the cell. 2.The plasma membrane is composed of a phospholipid bilayer in which proteins are suspended ( fluid-mosaic model). 细胞膜以液态脂质双分子层为基架，其中镶嵌有具有不同生理功能的蛋白质分子。 Membrane Lipids The predominant lipids of the plasma membrane are phospholipids and cholesterol. Phospholipids readily assemble to form a lipid bilayer, a double layer of lipid molecules, because they have a polar head and a nonpolar tail. Cholesterol is interspersed among the phospholipids and accounts for about a third of the total lipids in the plasma membrane. 脂质双分子层 构成细胞膜的框架，具有多形性和流动性 在膜的脂质中，主要以磷脂为主，约占总量的70%以上；其次是胆固醇，一般低于30%；还有少量属于鞘脂类的脂质。 动物细胞膜中的磷脂主要有四种：磷脂酰胆碱、磷脂酰乙醇胺、磷脂酰丝氨酸和磷脂酰肌醇。 Membrane Proteins 1. Membrane proteins functions as markers, attachment sites, channels, receptors, enzymes, and carriers. 2. Some receptor molecules are linked to and control channel proteins. 3. Some receptor molecules are linked to G proteins, which, in turn, control numerous cellular activities. 细胞膜蛋白 表面蛋白——与脂质的结合较疏松，用一些损害性较小的化学处理方法，如改变溶液的离子浓度或酸碱度，就可能使它们与膜分离。 结合蛋白——与脂质结合甚紧密，只有使用一些能改变分子间相互作用勒的强处理手段，如使用一些特殊的化学除垢剂等，才能使之分离出来。 细胞膜蛋白的功能 载体、通道、离子泵：与各种物质如离子和营养物质、代谢产物有选择、有条件地通过细胞膜有关； 受体：与辨认和接受细胞环境中特异的化学性刺激或信号有关； 抗原：起细胞“标志”的作用，供免疫系统或免疫物质辨认 其它功能不明的蛋白质