FarewelltoArms.pdfVIP

普特英语听力 免费学习英语 WhatMakesWindshield Glass SoTough? WhatMakesWindshield Glass SoTough? WWhhaattMMaakkeessWWiinnddsshhiieellddGGllaassssSSooTToouugghh?? 挡风玻璃为何如此牢实？ Wetendtothinkofglassasfragile–butinfact,glassisprettystrongstuff. Aflawless fiber of glass pulled lengthwise is five times stronger than steel!Although glass is quite strong,it’salsoverybrittle–andthebrittleness explainswhyglassbreaks soeasily. Butwindshieldsincarsandairplanesaremuchmoreresistant tobreakingthanregular glass. WhatMakesWindshieldGlassSoTough? Glass is commonly made more resistant to breaking in one of two ways: by tempering or by laminating it. Tempered glass is first heated just below melting, then exposed to bursts of cold air. The cold cools and shrinks the surface of the glass faster than the inside, compressing the surface inward. This more dense, inwardly compressed surface makes the glass stronger, so it takes a lot more forceto break it.Temperedglass shatters into tiny bits, rather than large, jagged shards like regular glass. If you’ve seen little squares of a car windshield scattered on the street, you’ve seen how temperedglassshatters. Car windshields are also commonly made from laminated glass, which has a tough, thin layer of plastic sandwiched between two layers of glass. If laminated glass shatters, it remains sticking to theplasticratherthanscatteringinsplinters orshards. Airplane windshields and bullet-resistant glass take this concept to a whole new level, with several layers of plastic layered with, and bonded to, layers of glass. That makes a composite material strong enough to withstand high pressures, varying temperatures, and even the impact of a bullet oranunluckybird. 我们往往认为玻璃是易碎的—但事实上，玻璃很坚固。 无裂缝的玻璃纤维纵向拉长后其坚固程度是钢的五倍！玻璃虽然足够坚固，但同时它也非常 脆—这也解释了为何玻璃如此易碎。 但汽车和飞机上的挡风玻璃却比普通玻璃牢固多了。 挡风玻璃何以如此牢实？ 有两种办法可以造出更牢固的玻璃：钢化