15Chapter3lecture3合编.pptVIP

As to antonymic/antonymous terms, one is unmarked, and the other is marked. In many cases, the meaning of the specific is included in that of the general, this is called semantic inclusion. For instance: There is no man on the island. Man signifies “human being”, naturally including woman. Freedom of man. * Freedom of woman. “快瞧小脚呀！”“我瞧见小脚啦！”“多大？多小？” （冯骥才《三寸金莲》） 4.3 The use of antonyms 1) Antonyms are useful in defining the meanings of words. “Fresh” above is an example. For another: Unlike her gregarious sister, Jane is a shy, unsociable person. 2) Antonyms are often used to form antithesis(对照)to achieve emphasis by putting contrasting ideas together. e.g.: Easy come, easy go. United we stand, divided we fall. Penny wise, pound foolish贪小便宜吃大亏 . Drunkenness reveals what soberness conceals. He who laughs at crooked man, should walk very straight. A joke never gains an enemy, but often loses a friend. Sober: / ?s??b?(r)/清醒的;没喝醉的 Better a witty fool than a foolish wit. When false is taken for true, true becomes false; If non-being turns into being, being becomes non-being. (A dream of red mansions) 3) A pair of antonyms can form a compounding term, usually the one conveying positive meaning or unmarked initials the compounded word. e.g. big and small, good or bad, more or less, father and son, mother and daughter, man and wife, day and night, body and soul. 多少，大小，高低，善恶，买卖，胜败，快慢，美丑，真假，进退，先后，粗细. （It’s not always the case：死活，贫富，呼吸，虚实; Love is bitter, bitter and sweet.） 4) Asymmetrical(非对称的)in use for most antonyms, e.g. 这块布三尺长。 *这块布三尺短。 这条河二米深。 *这条河二米浅。 这条鱼一斤重。 *这条鱼一斤轻。 左撇子。 *右撇子。 5. Semantic Field 语义场 Semantic Fields: Jost Trier first proposed semantic field theory in Europe in the 1930s. According to Crystal(1980: 316), the theory took the view that the vocabulary of a given language is not simply a listing of independent items, but is organized into areas, or fields, within which words interrelate and