Hons06-IgPet-L1-Major.pptVIP

Using geochemical data in igneous petrology Useful books Title borrowed from H. Rollinson – “Using geochemical data” (Longman, London, 1993) Chronically out of print; ca. US$60-$100 on See also F. Albarède – “Introduction to geochemical modelling” (quite arduous) “Geochemistry” M. Wilson – “Igneous petrology, a global tectonic approach” Some background information Major elements Major elements behaviour during magmatic processes (FC, PM, mixing) Trace elements Trace elements behaviour during magmatic processes Geochemical models Useful software Some background concepts Getting geochemical data: the hardware Major and trace elements Earth structure and geochemistry Cosmochemistry and elements abundance Major elements Why using wt%? Norms Magmatic series Some diagrams with major elements 1.1 Analytical methods Spectrometry (electromagnetic waves, mostly X-rays) Mass spectrometry Excitation of the source: Primary X-rays Plasma Spectrometry X-ray spectrum of an olivine Main (modern) devices XRF (X-ray fluorescence) Microprobe The ICP family (Inducively Coupled Plasma): ICP-AES (Atomic Emission Spectrophotometry) ICP-MS and LA-ICP-MS TIMS (Thermo-Ionization Mass Spectrometry) SHRIMP (High Resolution Ion Microprobe) SF Laser ablation? ??ChemCam?? instrumentMars Science Laboratory (Artist rending) 1.2 Major and traces Definitions Major elements: Concentration arbitrary value (0.1 or 1 wt% depending on the authors) Components of main mineral phases Trace elements: Concentration 0.1 % Substitue in crystals but do not form phases of their own Note that... The above definition means that major and traces will behave in significantly different ways Major: control by mineral stability limits (P-T conditions) Traces: independant (or partially independant, as will be discussed) Conceptually, some elements could be major in some systems, traces in other (cf .K in the mantle or Zr in crustal magmas) 1.3 Earth structure and geochemistry Composition of Earth shells 1.4 Cosmo