LECTURE-7-分子系统学的新进展试题.ppt

系统发育分析方法和软件使用 分子测年 系统发育生物学: 定义 系统发育生物学是以系统树为基础的生物学研究，是比较生物学研究从种群（population thinking ）思维向系统树思维（tree thinking）和网络思维（netkork thinking）发展的结果。 系统树思维方式 比较生物学研究范式的变化 个体（1930s以前）→群体（1930-1990s）→系统树 和网络 系统树思维 系统发育生物学研究的主要范围 1. 小进化研究 基因谱系 谱系生物地理学 杂交研究 物种形成 kinship and parentage 2. 大进化研究 3. 性状进化研究 4. 祖先状态估计 5. 分歧时间估计 6. 协同进化 7. 流行病学 8. 分子进化（选择、重组、漂变、基因流、LGT、基因重复等） 9. 群体历史（瓶颈效应、奠基者效应、等） 10. 保护生物学 系统发育生物学研究范例 Phylogenetic Relationships of North American Field Crickets Inferred from Mitochondrial DNA Data Yuan Huang, Guillermo Ort?′, Marie Sutherlin, Amy Duhachek, and Anthony Zera Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution Vol. 17, No. 1, October, pp. 48–57, 2000 * Several group are tackling a vastly more ambitious problem: building the tree of life the tree of all species known on eath as shown here. This tree is roughly 10M leaves. Its structure is still and active area of research which made it to the front page of science last June. The entire tree of life which represent all the species leaving on the planet contains about 10M leaves. Notice that mammals is only a tiny fraction of the tree. Still an open problem – even primates aren’t clear, everything is still hypothesized. * A genome tree showing the phylogenetic relationships among the complete bacterial genomes currently available in Genbank. This neighbor-joining tree was constructed from a concatenation of 31 universal, highly conserved protein sequences. * The traditional system (top row) recognizes seven taxonomic classes of living Vertebrates: Agnatha [jawless fish], Chrondrichthyes [cartilaginous fish], Osteichthyes [bony fish], Amphibia [scaleless tetrapods], Reptilia [scaly tetrapods, Aves [feathered bipeds], and Mammalia [hairy tetrapods]. Note that many of these classes are defined by absence characters (jawless, scaleless). [An eighth class, Placodermi, is wholly extinct] In the phylogenetic system (righthand column), taxonomic groups are d