Chapter 3 Displaying Data.pptVIP

Chapter 3  Displaying Data Data Displaying（数据的展示） §2 Presenting Numerical Data （显示数值型数据） Convert raw data into a data array Construct: a frequency distribution. a relative frequency distribution. a cumulative relative frequency distribution Visually represent data by using graphs and charts. Construct a histogram or a stem-and-leaf diagram 1. Key Terms 1.1 Data array（数据列） An orderly presentation of data in either ascending or descending numerical order. 1.2 Frequency Distribution（频数分布） A table that represents the data in classes and that shows the number of observations in each class. 1.2 Frequency Distribution Class - category Frequency - Number in each class Class limits – Boundaries for each class Class interval - Width of each class Class mark - Midpoint of each class The height status of 200 middle-school boys 2. Frequency Distribution Table Steps （步骤） How to Construct a Frequency Distribution 1）Determine Range （全距、极差、区域） Range = X largest-X smallest 2）Select Number of Classes （组数） Choose an approximate number of classes for your data. Usually Between 5 15 Inclusive Sturges’ rule can help. How to set the approximate number of classes to begin constructing a frequency distribution? Sturges’ empirical formula斯特杰斯经验公式： 3）Compute Class Intervals (Width) （组距） Class width=Upper class limit-Lower class limit Estimate the class interval Divide the approximate number of classes into the range of your data to find the approximate class interval, where the range is defined as the largest data value minus the smallest data value. Determine the class interval Round the estimate to a convenient value. 4）Determine Class Boundaries (Limits) （组限） Lower limit（下限） Upper limit（上限） Lower Class Limit Determine the lower class limit for the first class by selecting a convenient number that is smaller than the lowest data value. Upper Class Limits Determine the other class limit by repeatedly adding the class width to the prior class limit, sta